Cultural mediators of self-reported social anxiety

East Asians generally endorse higher social anxiety than do Westerners. Widely used measures of social anxiety, however, may not account for different social values across cultures. Drawing from Korean (n=251) and Euro-Canadian (n=250) community samples, this study used a cross-sectional design to examine the relationship between ratings of social anxiety and beliefs and self-views typically found in East Asian cultures. Results indicated that independent self-construal and identity consistency, views of the self that are typically associated with Western cultures, fully mediate the ethnic difference on self-reported social anxiety. Moreover, two indicators of East Asian views of the self in social contexts (interdependent self-construal and self-criticism) were partial mediators. Overall, the data suggest conceptualizations of pathological social anxiety may need to be revised to be useful for studying individuals in East Asian cultures.     

Epistemic motives and cultural conformity: need for closure, culture, and context as determinants of conflict judgments

Three studies support the proposal that need for closure (NFC) involves a desire for consensual validation that leads to cultural conformity. Individual differences in NFC interact with cultural group variables to determine East Asian versus Western differences in conflict style and procedural preferences (Study 1), information gathering in disputes (Study 2), and fairness judgment in reward allocations (Study 3). Results from experimental tests indicate that the relevance of NFC to cultural conformity reflects consensus motives rather than effort minimization (Study 2) or political conservatism (Study 3). Implications for research on conflict resolution and motivated cultural cognition are discussed.     

不同心理刺激诱发的交感和副交感神经活动的比较

让24名女大学生被试完成划消测验、镜画测验、心算和准备演讲四种应激任务,目的在于探讨在不同心理刺激下交感和副交感神经系统的活动是否存在差异。记录HRV（Heart Rate Variability,心率变异性）的频域成分TP（Total Power,总功率）、HF（High Frequency,高频）、LF（Low Frequency,低频）、LF/HF（低频高频比）、平均R-R间期和血压等指标在基线和不同应激任务期间的变化。通过单因素重复测量方差分析和多重比较发现,准备演讲期间的TP、LF值显著地高于基线和其它三项任务, HF的值显著地高于划消测验和心算;镜画测验、划消测验和心算期间的LF值与基线比较显著下降,TP、LF和HF三项指标在这三项任务之间无显著差异;不同任务期间在LF/HF上无显著主效应。平均R-R间期基线水平与所有任务间的比较及各任务之间有显著差异。收缩压基线水平与划消、镜画任务间的比较有显著差异。结果表明,准备演讲期间的交感神经和副交感神经张力显著地大于其它任务,不同任务表现出的不同的自主神经张力变化说明交感神经与副交感神经活动不是一方活动增强、另一方活动减弱的单纯的活动方式,这一结果为Berntson提出的自主神经活动可能存在九种活动搭配模式的理论提供了实验证据     

中国人人格结构的确认与形容词评定结果

中西方的人格结构既存在相似性,又有明显的差异性。该研究根据杨国枢和王登峰探讨中国人人格结构的“大七”模型时所用的中文人格特质形容词表,经过化简,由410个形容词压缩为273个;并扩大了被试量,由原来的733人（项目与人数比为1:1.8）扩大为1511人（项目与人数比为1:5.5）。采用相同的评定方法、评定程序和统计方法,得到了完全相同的人格结构。采用另外的样本进行的验证性因素分析也确认了中国人人格的七因素结构。由此揭示了中国人的人格结构及其与西方理论的差异,为系统研究中国人的人格特点和编制测量量表奠定了扎实的基础。文中还比较了大学生被试和社会人士在各个因素上的分数差异。     

比较应用题的问题表征策略研究

采用2×2×4三因素混合实验设计,对不同年级学生解比较应用题过程中的各种指标进行分析,结果表明:学生解比较应用题时的问题表征策略存在显著的年级差异;数学成绩优生、差生存在不同的问题表征策略;题目呈现方式对学生的问题表征策略有显著影响。     

6～11岁儿童执行功能发展研究

以168名6~11岁儿童为被试,使用9种执行功能任务研究了儿童三种执行功能成分的发展,三种执行功能是,抑制(Inhibition)、转换(Shifting)和刷新(Updating),结果发现:整个儿童阶段,三种执行功能一直表现出随年龄递增而增长的趋势;不同的执行功能表现出不同的发展速率,其中抑制控制大约在6~7岁表现出一个快速的增长期,记忆刷新从7岁到10岁一直呈线性增长,转换表现出两个快速增长期,第一个快速增长则发生在7~8岁之间,第二个快速增长则发生在9-10岁之间,三种执行功能的发展趋势到大约10岁后趋于平缓,10岁和11岁儿童的表现没有显著性差异;所有执行功能任务测量中没有发现性别主效应,年龄和性别的交互作用不显著。     

儿童空间再定向的几何模块论及其局限

儿童的空间再定向指的是迷失方向的儿童在空间中重新确定自己方位并找回被藏物体的能力。儿童的这一能力与某些低等哺乳动物（如大鼠）相似,都只能利用空间环境所构成的几何信息,不能利用非几何信息来再定向。几何模块论认为造成这一现象的原因是儿童与低等哺乳动物的认知系统里存在几何模块。然而,众多研究对这种简单化的观点提出了异议。针对这些异议,几何模块论又进行了新的修订     

青少年的社会支持系统与自尊的关系

采用典型相关分析方法对502名青少年的社会支持系统与自尊的关系进行研究,结果表明,在影响自尊的因素中,有29．8％是可以由青少年所感知的社会支持系统所解释的。母亲、父亲、朋友和教师的肯定与支持、冲突与惩罚、陪伴与亲密及满意度等功能分别可以解释青少年的家庭自尊、整体自尊、学业自尊、人际自尊和外貌自尊的8．5％、8．596、5．8％和7％。而社会支持功能与青少年的利他自尊和运动能力的自尊没有显著相关。     

Do “mudsplashes” induce tactile change blindness?

The phenomenon of change blindness (the surprising inability of people to correctly perceive changes between consecutively presented displays), primarily reported in vision, has recently been shown to occur for positional changes presented in tactile displays as well. Here, we studied people’s ability to detect changes in the number of tactile stimuli in successively presented displays composed of one to three stimuli distributed over the body surface. In Experiment 1, a tactile mask consisting of the simultaneous activation of all seven possible tactile stimulators was sometimes presented between the two to-be-discriminated tactile displays. In Experiment 2, a “mudsplash” paradigm was used, with a brief irrelevant tactile distractor presented at the moment of change of the tactile display. Change blindness was demonstrated in both experiments, thus showing that the failure to detect tactile change is not necessarily related to (1) the physical disruption between consecutive events, (2) the effect of masking covering the location of the change, or (3) the erasure or resetting of the information contained within an internal representation of the tactile display. These results are interpreted in terms of a limitation in the number of spatial locations/events that can be consciously accessed at any one time. This limitation appears to constrain change-detection performance, no matter the sensory modality in which the stimuli are presented.     

两种数量表征系统

数量表征是人类数学能力的基础,数量表征研究中的一个争论焦点在于是否存在两种不同的数量表征系统：对小数的精确表征系统和对大数的近似表征系统。通过综述不同研究领域对数量表征的研究,总结了支持两种表征系统分离的证据：对1~3范围内小数的表征受数量大小的限制,基于指向物体本身的注意,更依赖于物体的知觉特征,对物体及其数量进行精确表征;而对4以上的数量的近似表征系统则受韦伯定律的限制,基于指向数量的模拟幅度的表征,而不依赖单个物体的知觉特征,是对数量的近似的、心理的表征。fMRI、PET和ERP的脑成像研究结果迄今尚无定论,但认知神经科学研究的深入开展将最终阐明数量表征的机制