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161.
Visual word recognition studies commonly measure the orthographic similarity of words using Coltheart’s orthographic neighborhood
size metric (ON). Although ON reliably predicts behavioral variability in many lexical tasks, its utility is inherently limited
by its relatively restrictive definition. In the present article, we introduce a new measure of orthographic similarity generated
using a standard computer science metric of string similarity (Levenshtein distance). Unlike ON, the new measure—named orthographic Levenshtein distance 20 (OLD20)—incorporates comparisons between all pairs of words in the lexicon, including words of different lengths. We demonstrate
that OLD20 provides significant advantages over ON in predicting both lexical decision and pronunciation performance in three
large data sets. Moreover, OLD20 interacts more strongly with word frequency and shows stronger effects of neighborhood frequency
than does ON. The discussion section focuses on the implications of these results for models of visual word recognition. 相似文献
162.
People who prefer larger, later gains over smaller, sooner gains when considering outcomes far in the future often reverse
their preference as the alternatives become closer in time. This finding, which is contrary to a normative economic account
of intertemporal choice, has been interpreted as support for hyperboloid discounting, but the results can also be explained
by steeper discounting of smaller amounts. The present study is the first to demonstrate that analogous preference reversals
occur with losses: People who preferred a smaller, sooner loss over a larger, later loss when the outcomes were far in the
future reversed their preference when these alternatives were closer in time. Because there was no magnitude effect (i.e.,
smaller losses were not discounted more steeply than larger losses), the present findings strongly support the proposition
that reversals in preference between delayed outcomes occur because of the hyperboloid shape of the discounting function. 相似文献
163.
Nicholas L. Holt Katherine A. Tamminen Danielle E. Black Zoë L. Sehn Michael P. Wall 《Psychology of sport and exercise》2008,9(5):663-685
ObjectivesBased on ecological systems theory [Bronfenbrenner, U. (2005). Making human beings human: Bioecological perspectives on human development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage], the purpose of this study was to examine parents’ involvement in competitive youth sport settings.DesignData were collected through two distinct phases of fieldwork. Phase 1 involved longitudinal data collection with four families. Phase 2 involved observations of youth soccer settings.MethodData were collected from four families via individual interviews and audio-diaries and were supplemented through 120 h of observation. Data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using grounded theory methodology.ResultsParents’ verbal reactions to their children's sport performance behaviors were placed on a continuum moving from more supportive to more controlling comments. These comments were categorized as praise/encouragement, performance contingent feedback, instruction, striking a balance, negative comments, and derogatory comments. Parents experienced empathy in that they perceived sharing the emotions their children felt in sport, and these emotions appeared to change in relation to dynamic game and contextual circumstances. Parents also thought that they possessed knowledge and expertise of sport, which they perceived enabled them to make comments to their children.ConclusionA series of reciprocal and bi-directional relationships were central to parents’ involvement in competitive youth sport. 相似文献
164.
N. R. Hanson's discussion of experience is criticized. Experience, though necessary for knowing, is insufficient as a basis for understanding in either science or religion. Experience alone can be misleading. We may begin with experience, but we cannot claim to understand until experience has been mediated by theory. The article is excerpted from Metaphoric Process: The Creation of Scientific and Religious Understanding (Gerhart and Russell 1984), Chapter 2. 相似文献
165.
In this study we explored the effects of respondent gender and the specific gender combination (i.e., cross- and same-gender dyads) on perceptions of a sexual encounter between a teacher and an adolescent student. Respondents (120 male and 120 female undergraduates) read a brief scenario and answered questions about their perceptions of the encounter. Significant interactions emerged between teacher gender and student gender. For example, the male teacher/male student dyad was viewed as the least normative, and the female teacher/male student dyad was perceived as the most normative. Significant interactions also were found between teacher gender and respondent gender. Results generally were consistent with gender role stereotypes. 相似文献
166.
Allyn McConkie-Rosell Elizabeth Melvin Heise Gail A. Spiridigliozzi 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(4):313-325
Little is known about how and what genetic risk information parents communicate to their children and even less is known about
what children hear and remember. To address this void, we explored how genetic risk information was learned, what information
was given and who primarily provided information to adolescent girls and young adult women in families with fragile X syndrome.
We explored three levels of risk knowledge: learning that fragile X syndrome was an inherited disorder, that they could be
a carrier, and for those who had been tested, actual carrier status. These data were collected as part of a study that also
explored adolescent self concept and age preferences about when to inform about genetic risk. Those findings have been presented
separately. The purpose of this paper is to present the communication data. Using a multi-group cross-sectional design this
study focused on girls ages 14–25 years from families previously diagnosed with fragile X syndrome, 1) who knew they were
carriers (n = 20), 2) noncarriers (n = 18), or 3) at-risk to be carriers (n = 15). For all three stages of information the majority of the study participants were informed by a family member. We identified
three different communication styles: open, sought information, and indirect. The content of the remembered conversations
varied based on the stage of genetic risk information being disclosed as well as the girls’ knowledge of her own carrier status.
Girls who had been tested and knew their actual carrier status were more likely to report an open communication pattern than
girls who knew only that they were at-risk. 相似文献
167.
The extent to which readers can exert strategic control over oral reading processes is a matter of debate. According to the
pathway control hypothesis, the relative contributions of the lexical and nonlexical pathways can be modulated by the characteristics
of the context stimuli being read, but an alternative time criterion model is also a viable explanation of past results. In
Experiment 1, subjects named high- and low-frequency regular words in the context of either low-frequency exception words
(e.g., pint) or nonwords (e.g., flirp). Frequency effects (faster pronunciation latencies for high-frequency words) were attenuated in the nonword context, consistent
with the notion that nonwords emphasize the characteristics of the frequency-insensitive nonlexical pathway. Importantly,
we also assessed memory for targets, and a similar attenuation of the frequency effect in recognition memory was observed
in the nonword condition. Converging evidence was obtained in a second experiment in which a variable that was more sensitive
to the nonlexical pathway (orthographic neighborhood size) was manipulated. The results indicated that both speeded pronunciation
performance and memory performance were relatively attenuated in the low-frequency exception word context in comparision with
the nonword context. The opposing influences of list context type for word frequency and orthographic neighborhood size effects
in speeded pronunciation and memory performance provide strong support for the pathway control model, as opposed to the time
criterion model. 相似文献
168.
Winston D. Goh Lidia Suárez Melvin J. Yap Seok Hui Tan 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(5):882-887
In the present article, the effects of phonological neighborhood density and word frequency in spoken word recognition were
examined using distributional analyses of response latencies in auditory lexical decision. A density × frequency interaction
was observed in mean latencies; frequency effects were larger for low-density words than for high-density words. Distributional
analyses further revealed that for low-density words, frequency effects were reflected in both distributional shifting and
skewing, whereas for high-density words, frequency effects were purely mediated by distributional skewing. The results suggest
that word frequency plays a role in early auditory word recognition only when there is relatively little competition between
similar-sounding words, and that frequency effects in high-density words reflect postlexical checking. 相似文献
169.
170.
Melvin Fitting 《Studia Logica》2009,91(3):335-366
This is a largely expository paper in which the following simple idea is pursued. Take the truth value of a formula to be
the set of agents that accept the formula as true. This means we work with an arbitrary (finite) Boolean algebra as the truth
value space. When this is properly formalized, complete modal tableau systems exist, and there are natural versions of bisimulations
that behave well from an algebraic point of view. There remain significant problems concerning the proper formalization, in
this context, of natural language statements, particularly those involving negative knowledge and common knowledge. A case
study is presented which brings these problems to the fore. None of the basic material presented here is new to this paper—all
has appeared in several papers over many years, by the present author and by others. Much of the development in the literature
is more general than here—we have confined things to the Boolean case for simplicity and clarity. Most proofs are omitted,
but several of the examples are new. The main virtue of the present paper is its coherent presentation of a systematic point
of view—identify the truth value of a formula with the set of those who say the formula is true. 相似文献