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171.
In visual search tasks, the relative proportions of target-present and -absent trials have important effects on behavior. Miss error rates rise as target prevalence decreases (Wolfe, Horowitz, & Kenner, Nature 435, 439-440, 2005). At the same time, search termination times on target-absent trials become shorter (Wolfe & Van Wert, Current Biology 20, 121-124, 2010). These effects must depend on some implicit or explicit knowledge of the current prevalence. What is the nature of that knowledge? In Experiment 1, we conducted visual search tasks at three levels of prevalence (6%, 50%, and 94%) and analyzed performance as a function of "local prevalence," the prevalence over the last n trials. The results replicated the usual effects of overall prevalence but revealed only weak or absent effects of local prevalence. In Experiment 2, the overall prevalence in a block of trials was 20%, 50%, or 80%. However, a 100%-valid cue informed observers of the prevalence on the next trial. These explicit cues had a modest effect on target-absent RTs, but explicit expectation could not explain the full prevalence effect. We conclude that observers predict prevalence on the basis of an assessment of a relatively long prior history. Each trial contributes a small amount to that assessment, and this can be modulated but not overruled by explicit instruction. 相似文献
172.
Zanarini MC Horwood J Wolke D Waylen A Fitzmaurice G Grant BF 《Journal of personality disorders》2011,25(5):607-619
This study had two main objectives. The first was to assess the prevalence of DSM-IV borderline personality disorder and its constituent symptoms in a community sample of late-latency children. The second was to compare these rates to those found in a community sample of American adults. A birth cohort of 6,330 11-year-old children in Bristol, England, was interviewed concerning borderline psychopathology in 2002-2004. A community sample of 34,653 American adults was interviewed about borderline psychopathology in 2004-2005. Rates of chronic emptiness, physically self-damaging acts, and stormy relationships were very similar in both samples (<2% difference). However, a significantly higher percentage of children than adults reported being angry and moody. In contrast, a significantly higher percentage of adults than children reported being paranoid/dissociated, having a serious identity disturbance, being impulsive, and making frantic efforts to avoid abandonment. In addition, a significantly higher percentage of adults than children met DSM-IV criteria for BPD (5.9% vs. 3.2%). Statistically significant but clinically minor gender differences were also found between girls and boys as well as men and women. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that late-latency children are about half as likely as adults to meet DSM-IV criteria for BPD. They also suggest that gender does not play a defining role in symptom expression. 相似文献
173.
174.
The paper states the goal of this special issue and briefly summarizes the topics of the papers addressed in this issue. 相似文献
175.
H. Jack Walker Hubert S. Feild William F. Giles Jeremy B. Bernerth Jeremy C. Short 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2011,114(2):165-178
Although job seekers’ organizational image perceptions can influence attraction to recruiting organizations, little is known about how these perceptions are formed or modified. To address this research gap, the authors drew from research in social cognition theory and demonstrated that recruitment Web site characteristics influenced the development and modification of organizational image perceptions via a priming mechanism. Results of two studies showed that having technologically advanced Web site features and depicting racially diverse organizational members served as contextual primers and influenced participants’ organizational image perceptions. Results also revealed that participants’ familiarity with recruiting organizations moderated the effects of these Web site characteristics on several dimensions of organizational image such that effects were weaker for more familiar organizations. These findings suggest that organizations can manage job seekers’ organizational image perceptions through strategic recruitment Web site design; however, such attempts may be tempered by job seekers’ familiarity with the organization. 相似文献
176.
This special issue of the journal‘Studies in Logic’ results from an international workshopon‘TheHistory of Logic in China’held in Amsterdam,The Netherlands,on November 24-26, 2010 (http://www.sciencehistory.asia/history-logic-china).This event brought together, 相似文献
177.
Wolfe JM 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2011,73(6):1631-1631
178.
The interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide and a culturally-relevant construct, familism, was used to examine predictors of suicidal ideation among Mexican and Mexican American women in the United States. A sense of perceived burdensomeness toward others was expected to significantly predict suicidal ideation, especially among women who endorsed high levels of familism. Mexican and Mexican American outpatient women (N = 73) completed self-report measures and an interview measure of suicidal ideation. Main and interactive effects of perceived burdensomeness and familism were examined. Perceived burdensomeness, but not familism, significantly predicted suicidal ideation. The interaction hypothesis was not supported. These findings highlight perceived burdensomeness as a risk factor for suicidal behavior in Mexican and Mexican American women. 相似文献
179.
180.
Jeremy D. Schmahmann 《Neuropsychology review》2010,20(3):236-260
The cognitive neuroscience of the cerebellum is now an established multidisciplinary field of investigation. This essay traces
the historical evolution of this line of inquiry from an emerging field to its current status, with personal reflections over
almost three decades on this journey of discovery. It pays tribute to early investigators who recognized the wider role of
the cerebellum beyond motor control, traces the origins of new terms and concepts including the dysmetria of thought theory,
the universal cerebellar transform, and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome, and places these developments within
the broader context of the scientific efforts of a growing community of cerebellar cognitive neuroscientists. This account
considers the converging evidence from theoretical, anatomical, physiological, clinical, and functional neuroimaging approaches
that have resulted in the transition from recognizing the cerebellar incorporation into the distributed neural circuits subserving
cognition and emotion, to a hopeful new era of treatment of neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric manifestations of cerebellar
diseases, and to cerebellar-based interventions for psychiatric disorders. 相似文献