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141.
Shapiro Debra L. Buttner E. Holly Barry Bruce 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》1994,58(3)
Factors that enhance the perceived adequacy of explanations for bad news were examined in three studies: two cross-sectional surveys and a simulation experiment. All studies found that the specificity of the explanation′s substance accounted for more variance in judgments of explanation adequacy than did the interpersonal sensitivity of the explanation′s delivery. Moderators of the relationship between explanation features and perceptions of explanation adequacy were found as well: These explanation features enhanced the perceived adequacy of explanations more when outcomes of greater, rather than lesser, severity were being explained, and when the explanation was delivered verbally instead of in writing. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. 相似文献
142.
143.
Morrell HE Gaitan S Wixted JT 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2002,28(6):1095-1110
Most models of recognition memory involve a signal-detection component in which a criterion is placed along a decision axis. Older models generally assume a familiarity-decision axis, but newer models often assume a likelihood ratio axis instead because it allows for a more natural account of the ubiquitous mirror effect. In 3 experiments reported here, item strength was differentially manipulated to see whether a mirror effect would occur. Within a list, the items from 1 category were strengthened by repetition, but the items from another category were not. On the subsequent recognition test, the hit rate was higher for the strong category, but the false-alarm rates for the weak and strong categories were the same (i.e., no mirror effect was observed). This result suggests that the decision axis represents a familiarity scale and that participants adopt a single decision criterion that they maintain throughout the recognition test. 相似文献
144.
Kevin G. F. Thomas Ming Hsu Holly E. Laurance Lynn Nadel W. Jake Jacobs 《Behavior research methods》2001,33(1):21-37
This paper describes the utilization of a desktop virtual environment task, the Computer-Generated (C-G) Arena, in the study of human spatial navigation. First, four experiments examined the efficacy of various training procedures in the C-G Arena. In Experiment 1, participants efficiently located a hidden target after only observing the virtual environment from a fixed position (placement learning). In Experiment 2, participants efficiently located a hidden target after only observing an experimenter search the virtual environment (observational learning). In Experiment 3, participants failed to display alatent learning effect in the virtual environment. In Experiment 4, all training procedures effectively taught participants the layout of the virtual environment, but the observational learning procedure most effectivelytaught participants the location of a hidden target within the environment. Finally, two experiments demonstrated the application of C-G Arena procedures to neuroimaging (Experiment 5) and neuropsychological (Experiment 6) investigations of human spatial navigation. 相似文献
145.
Hispanics have become the largest minority group in the United States. Hispanic children typically come from working class homes with parents who have limited English language skills and educational training. This presents challenges to psychologists who assess these children using traditional IQ tests because of the considerable verbal and academic (e.g., quantitative) content. Some researchers have suggested that intelligence conceptualized on the basis of psychological processes may have utility for assessment of children from culturally and linguistically diverse populations because verbal and quantitative skills are not included. This study examined Hispanic children's performance on the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS; [Naglieri, J.A., and Das, J.P. (1997). Cognitive Assessment System. Itasca, IL: Riverside.]) which is based on the Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive (PASS) theory of intelligence. The scores of Hispanic (N = 244) and White (N = 1956) children on the four PASS processes were obtained and the respective correlations between PASS and achievement compared. Three complementary sampling methodologies and data analysis strategies were chosen to compare the Ethnic groups. Sample size was maximized using nationally representative groups and demographic group differences were minimized using smaller matched samples. Small differences between Hispanic and non-Hispanic children were found when ability was measured with tests of basic PASS processes. In addition, the correlation between the PASS constructs and achievement were substantial for both Hispanic and non-Hispanic children and were not significantly different between the groups. 相似文献
146.
Despite its widespread practice among primates writ large, social scientists have given mutual grooming among humans little
attention. This research provides an important first step in describing mutual grooming among humans. A scale was developed
to measure self-reported giving and receiving of grooming. In Study 1, 184 female and 94 male participants first indicated
their closest emotional relationship (for example, romantic partner, best friend, etcetera). They then completed the grooming
measure pertaining to that emotionally close target person. Finally, they completed indices of relationship trust, relationship
satisfaction, and parental/familial affection. Individuals who focused on their romantic partners (N = 134) reported more mutual grooming than individuals who focused on other types of relationships. Relationship satisfaction,
previous experience of familial affection, and trust were positively correlated with mutual grooming for romantically involved
individuals. Study 2 (N = 71 heterosexual couples) explored psychological correlates of mutual grooming within romantic dyads. Individuals with more
promiscuous attitudes and those who scored high on the anxiety subscale of an adult attachment style measure reported grooming
their partners most frequently. Findings were consistent with several proposed functions of grooming: (a) potential parental-investment
indicator, (b) developing trust, and (c) courtship/flirtation—all of which play roles in pair-bonding. At first glance, humans
may not appear to groom each other with the same fervor as other primates. However, we posit that humans are, in actuality,
groomers par excellence. 相似文献
147.
Despite its widespread practice among primates writ large, social scientists have given mutual grooming among humans little
attention. This research provides an important first step in describing mutual grooming among humans. A scale was developed
to measure self-reported giving and receiving of grooming. In Study 1, 184 female and 94 male participants first indicated
their closest emotional relationship (for example, romantic partner, best friend, etcetera). They then completed the grooming
measure pertaining to that emotionally close target person. Finally, they completed indices of relationship trust, relationship
satisfaction, and parental/familial affection. Individuals who focused on their romantic partners (N = 134) reported more mutual grooming than individuals who focused on other types of relationships. Relationship satisfaction,
previous experience of familial affection, and trust were positively correlated with mutual grooming for romantically involved
individuals. Study 2 (N = 71 heterosexual couples) explored psychological correlates of mutual grooming within romantic dyads. Individuals with more
promiscuous attitudes and those who scored high on the anxiety subscale of an adult attachment style measure reported grooming
their partners most frequently. Findings were consistent with several proposed functions of grooming: (a) potential parental-investment
indicator, (b) developing trust, and (c) courtship/flirtation—all of which play roles in pair-bonding. At first glance, humans
may not appear to groom each other with the same fervor as other primates. However, we posit that humans are, in actuality,
groomers par excellence. 相似文献
148.
Communicating genetic-risk information is fraught with difficulties, and there are no universally accepted guidelines for
clinical practice. In this paper, we suggest that information-processing models may offer some guidance for the communication
of genetic risk. The paper reviews selected literature from health and social psychology, including defensive reactions to
threatening health information, the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) and Self Affirmation Theory. Ultimately, it presents
the Heuristic-Systematic Model (HSM) of information processing as a useful perspective from which to view genetic-risk communication.
Through our review of this literature, we identify some of the variables found to influence the systematic or heuristic processing
of risk information and note their relevance to genetic counseling contexts. We suggest that systematic information processing
is conducive to informed decision-making, as well as improved understanding of risk information. Clinical practice implications
derived from our review of these literatures are noted. 相似文献
149.
Holly Krech Thomas Alice F Healy Seth N Greenberg 《Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale》2007,61(4):304-315
In two experiments, English-Spanish bilinguals read passages, performing letter detection on some passages by circling target letters as they read. Detection passages were sometimes familiarized (primed) by prior reading of the same passage or a translation of it. Participants detected letters in English passages in Experiment 1 and in Spanish passages in Experiment 2. For both experiments, a missing letter effect occurred (depressed detection accuracy on frequent function words relative to less frequent content words). Familiarization promoted overall improvements in letter detection only for English passages, suggesting that reprocessing benefits depend on high language fluency. For Spanish passages, cognates engendered greater error rates than noncognates; the visual similarity of Spanish and English cognates apparently enabled faster identification of Spanish cognates in a way unaffected by familiarization of the whole text passage. Priming by familiarized text was significantly higher when the passages were in the same language than when they were in different languages, suggesting that the reprocessing benefits are at the word level instead of the semantic level. These results are consistent with the GO model of reading (Greenberg, Healy, Koriat, & Kreiner, 2004) but require an expanded consideration of attention redistribution processes in that model. 相似文献
150.
Chalk HM 《Psychology, health & medicine》2007,12(5):556-566
Given the high incidence and unique symptomatology of depression in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, the current study examined the role of cognitive and behavioral variables in predicting psychosocial adjustment in this population, in order to suggest psychotherapeutic interventions tailored specifically to MS patients. Data from 329 MS patients indicated that problem solving coping, acceptance coping, and challenge appraisals were associated with positive psychological adjustment (i.e., high life satisfaction, low depression and anxiety), whereas variables measuring disease severity (i.e., illness duration, subjective health status, and self-reported disability) were not associated with adjustment. These findings suggest that MS patients' psychological outcomes are more related to controllable cognitive and behavioral factors than to the physical effects of the disease. Consequently, it is expected that interventions that target these specific coping strategies and cognitive appraisals will be effective in treating the emotional effects of MS. 相似文献