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111.
Shapiro Debra L. Buttner E. Holly Barry Bruce 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》1994,58(3)
Factors that enhance the perceived adequacy of explanations for bad news were examined in three studies: two cross-sectional surveys and a simulation experiment. All studies found that the specificity of the explanation′s substance accounted for more variance in judgments of explanation adequacy than did the interpersonal sensitivity of the explanation′s delivery. Moderators of the relationship between explanation features and perceptions of explanation adequacy were found as well: These explanation features enhanced the perceived adequacy of explanations more when outcomes of greater, rather than lesser, severity were being explained, and when the explanation was delivered verbally instead of in writing. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. 相似文献
112.
Knight Kim H. Elfenbein Morton H. Capozzi Lauren Eason Holly A. Bernardo Marcia F. Ferus Kenneth S. 《Sex roles》2000,43(3-4):229-240
A total of 249 primarily middle-class, Caucasian college students (141 females, 108 males) completed the Knowing Styles Inventory (KSI) (Knight, Elfenbein, & Messina, 1995) to measure Connected and Separate Knowing and the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) (Buri, 1991), used to measure different parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive parenting). Authoritative parenting style of the mother was positively associated with Connected Knowing, while authoritative parenting style of the father was negatively related to Separate Knowing for both the female and male participants of the study. For the female participants only, permissive parenting style of the father was positively related to Separate Knowing. It was also found that first-born college students scored significantly higher on Separate Knowing than later-born students. The results suggest that family experiences may be precursors to the epistemologies of college students. 相似文献
113.
114.
Morrell HE Gaitan S Wixted JT 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2002,28(6):1095-1110
Most models of recognition memory involve a signal-detection component in which a criterion is placed along a decision axis. Older models generally assume a familiarity-decision axis, but newer models often assume a likelihood ratio axis instead because it allows for a more natural account of the ubiquitous mirror effect. In 3 experiments reported here, item strength was differentially manipulated to see whether a mirror effect would occur. Within a list, the items from 1 category were strengthened by repetition, but the items from another category were not. On the subsequent recognition test, the hit rate was higher for the strong category, but the false-alarm rates for the weak and strong categories were the same (i.e., no mirror effect was observed). This result suggests that the decision axis represents a familiarity scale and that participants adopt a single decision criterion that they maintain throughout the recognition test. 相似文献
115.
Michael D. Mumford Mary Shane Connelly Whitney B. Helton Jill M. Strange Holly K. Osburn 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2001,9(3):240-257
Although integrity tests are widely applied in screening job applicants, there is a need for research for examining the construct validity of these tests. In the present study, a theoretical model examining the causes of destructive behavior in organizational settings was used to develop background data measures of individual and situational variables that might be related to integrity test scores. Subsequently, 692 undergraduates were asked to complete these background data scales along with (a) two overt integrity tests – the Reid Report and the Personnel Selection Inventory, and (b) two personality‐based measures – the delinquency and socialization scales of the California Psychological Inventory. When scores of these measures were correlated with and regressed on the background data scales, it was found that relevant individual variables, such as narcissism and power motives, and relevant situational variables, such as alienation and exposure to negative peer groups, were related to scores on both types of integrity tests. However, a stronger pattern of validity evidence was obtained for the personality‐based measures and, in all cases, situational variables were found to be better predictors than individual variables. The implications of these findings for the validity of inferences drawn from overt and personality‐based integrity tests are discussed. 相似文献
116.
Kevin G. F. Thomas Ming Hsu Holly E. Laurance Lynn Nadel W. Jake Jacobs 《Behavior research methods》2001,33(1):21-37
This paper describes the utilization of a desktop virtual environment task, the Computer-Generated (C-G) Arena, in the study of human spatial navigation. First, four experiments examined the efficacy of various training procedures in the C-G Arena. In Experiment 1, participants efficiently located a hidden target after only observing the virtual environment from a fixed position (placement learning). In Experiment 2, participants efficiently located a hidden target after only observing an experimenter search the virtual environment (observational learning). In Experiment 3, participants failed to display alatent learning effect in the virtual environment. In Experiment 4, all training procedures effectively taught participants the layout of the virtual environment, but the observational learning procedure most effectivelytaught participants the location of a hidden target within the environment. Finally, two experiments demonstrated the application of C-G Arena procedures to neuroimaging (Experiment 5) and neuropsychological (Experiment 6) investigations of human spatial navigation. 相似文献
117.
Hispanics have become the largest minority group in the United States. Hispanic children typically come from working class homes with parents who have limited English language skills and educational training. This presents challenges to psychologists who assess these children using traditional IQ tests because of the considerable verbal and academic (e.g., quantitative) content. Some researchers have suggested that intelligence conceptualized on the basis of psychological processes may have utility for assessment of children from culturally and linguistically diverse populations because verbal and quantitative skills are not included. This study examined Hispanic children's performance on the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS; [Naglieri, J.A., and Das, J.P. (1997). Cognitive Assessment System. Itasca, IL: Riverside.]) which is based on the Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive (PASS) theory of intelligence. The scores of Hispanic (N = 244) and White (N = 1956) children on the four PASS processes were obtained and the respective correlations between PASS and achievement compared. Three complementary sampling methodologies and data analysis strategies were chosen to compare the Ethnic groups. Sample size was maximized using nationally representative groups and demographic group differences were minimized using smaller matched samples. Small differences between Hispanic and non-Hispanic children were found when ability was measured with tests of basic PASS processes. In addition, the correlation between the PASS constructs and achievement were substantial for both Hispanic and non-Hispanic children and were not significantly different between the groups. 相似文献
118.
Despite its widespread practice among primates writ large, social scientists have given mutual grooming among humans little
attention. This research provides an important first step in describing mutual grooming among humans. A scale was developed
to measure self-reported giving and receiving of grooming. In Study 1, 184 female and 94 male participants first indicated
their closest emotional relationship (for example, romantic partner, best friend, etcetera). They then completed the grooming
measure pertaining to that emotionally close target person. Finally, they completed indices of relationship trust, relationship
satisfaction, and parental/familial affection. Individuals who focused on their romantic partners (N = 134) reported more mutual grooming than individuals who focused on other types of relationships. Relationship satisfaction,
previous experience of familial affection, and trust were positively correlated with mutual grooming for romantically involved
individuals. Study 2 (N = 71 heterosexual couples) explored psychological correlates of mutual grooming within romantic dyads. Individuals with more
promiscuous attitudes and those who scored high on the anxiety subscale of an adult attachment style measure reported grooming
their partners most frequently. Findings were consistent with several proposed functions of grooming: (a) potential parental-investment
indicator, (b) developing trust, and (c) courtship/flirtation—all of which play roles in pair-bonding. At first glance, humans
may not appear to groom each other with the same fervor as other primates. However, we posit that humans are, in actuality,
groomers par excellence. 相似文献
119.
Despite its widespread practice among primates writ large, social scientists have given mutual grooming among humans little
attention. This research provides an important first step in describing mutual grooming among humans. A scale was developed
to measure self-reported giving and receiving of grooming. In Study 1, 184 female and 94 male participants first indicated
their closest emotional relationship (for example, romantic partner, best friend, etcetera). They then completed the grooming
measure pertaining to that emotionally close target person. Finally, they completed indices of relationship trust, relationship
satisfaction, and parental/familial affection. Individuals who focused on their romantic partners (N = 134) reported more mutual grooming than individuals who focused on other types of relationships. Relationship satisfaction,
previous experience of familial affection, and trust were positively correlated with mutual grooming for romantically involved
individuals. Study 2 (N = 71 heterosexual couples) explored psychological correlates of mutual grooming within romantic dyads. Individuals with more
promiscuous attitudes and those who scored high on the anxiety subscale of an adult attachment style measure reported grooming
their partners most frequently. Findings were consistent with several proposed functions of grooming: (a) potential parental-investment
indicator, (b) developing trust, and (c) courtship/flirtation—all of which play roles in pair-bonding. At first glance, humans
may not appear to groom each other with the same fervor as other primates. However, we posit that humans are, in actuality,
groomers par excellence. 相似文献
120.
Communicating genetic-risk information is fraught with difficulties, and there are no universally accepted guidelines for
clinical practice. In this paper, we suggest that information-processing models may offer some guidance for the communication
of genetic risk. The paper reviews selected literature from health and social psychology, including defensive reactions to
threatening health information, the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) and Self Affirmation Theory. Ultimately, it presents
the Heuristic-Systematic Model (HSM) of information processing as a useful perspective from which to view genetic-risk communication.
Through our review of this literature, we identify some of the variables found to influence the systematic or heuristic processing
of risk information and note their relevance to genetic counseling contexts. We suggest that systematic information processing
is conducive to informed decision-making, as well as improved understanding of risk information. Clinical practice implications
derived from our review of these literatures are noted. 相似文献