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181.
I/t-curves were derived by means of a piezo-electric transducer. To receive the minimum responses more than just optically, an amplifier, which was coupled to a transducer, generated an acoustic signal. This modified technique serves to objectivity of the minimum response, which is important in the recording of the I/t-curves. As has been shown in a great number of tests, this procedure has proved to be useful in practice. 相似文献
182.
183.
Research has shown age-related declines in the cognitive ability to inhibit irrelevant information. Thirty-six younger adults (mean age = 22 years) and 36 older adults (mean age = 74 years) performed 2 versions of an emotional Stroop task. In one, they made lexical decisions to emotion words spoken in 1 of several tones of voice. Latencies were longer for test words spoken in an incongruent tone of voice, but only for older adults. In another, words were displayed on a computer screen in a colored font, and participants quickly named the font color. Latencies were longer for test words high on arousal, but only for older adults. Results are discussed in terms of inhibitory cognitive processes, attention, and theories of emotional development. 相似文献
184.
185.
Using a dual-task methodology we examined the interaction of perceiving and producing facial expressions. In one task, participants were asked to produce a smile or a frown (Task 2) in response to a tone stimulus. This auditory-facial task was embedded in a dual-task context, where the other task (Task 1) required a manual response to visual face stimuli (visual-manual task). These face stimuli showed facial expressions that were either compatible or incompatible to the to-be-produced facial expression. Both reaction times and error rates (measured by facial electromyography) revealed a robust stimulus–response compatibility effect across tasks, suggesting that perceived social actions automatically activate corresponding actions even if perceived and produced actions belong to different tasks. The dual-task nature of this compatibility effect further testifies that encoding of facial expressions is highly automatic. 相似文献
186.
Reliability and construct validity of the 11-item College Student Stress Scale were investigated with exploratory (N = 273) and confirmatory factor analyses (N = 185) in undergraduate college students. Two factors were observed; however, reliability of the 3-item factor was too low and one item failed to load on either factor. A 7-item measure (Factor 1) had acceptable reliability (.81) and good convergence with the Perceived Stress Scale. This measure was significantly correlated with Neuroticism, Test Anxiety, and Self-efficacy for Learning, but not Social Desirability or age. 相似文献
187.
Helen Lois Koch 《The Journal of genetic psychology》2013,174(1):249-251
Abstract Rachel Stutsman. Mental Measurement of Preschool Children. Yonkers, N. Y.: World Book Co., 1931. Pp. x+368. 相似文献
188.
Koch I 《Psychological research》2009,73(3):417-424
The present study examined the role of crosstalk in dual-task interference using a combination of a nonspeeded visual task
and an auditory-manual reaction time (RT) task. The potential for dual-task crosstalk was introduced by presenting in the
visual task objects (e.g., a cup with a handle), which “afford” associated responses that were either spatially compatible
or incompatible with the response in the RT task. Crucially, the degree of crosstalk was varied by instructing participants
either to attend to the left–right orientation of the objects, creating explicit cross-task response-code overlap (“strong
crosstalk”), or to attend to object identity (no direct overlap; “weak crosstalk”). The data indicated a relative benefit
for cross-task compatible trials, which was much greater with strong crosstalk than with weak crosstalk. Crucially, however,
even on compatible trials dual-task performance was substantially worse with strong crosstalk than with weak crosstalk. This
overall cost of crosstalk suggests interference of response codes even on compatible dual-task trials.
This work was presented in August 2007 at the XVth Conference of the European Society for Cognitive Psychology (ESCoP) in
Marseille, France. The author would like to thank Peter A. Frensch and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments, Julia
Klotz and Marion Marksteiner for testing the participants, and Lynn Huestegge for helpful discussions. 相似文献
189.
Christian Frings Iring Koch Birte Moeller 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2017,79(8):2449-2459
Involuntary retrieval of previous stimulus–response episodes is a centerpiece of many theories of priming, episodic binding, and action control. Typically it is assumed that by repeating a stimulus from trial n–1 to trial n, involuntary retrieval is triggered in a nearly automatic fashion, facilitating (or interfering with) the to-be-executed action. Here we argue that changes in the offline context weaken the involuntary retrieval of previous episodes (the offline context is defined to be the information presented before or after the focal stimulus). In four conditions differing in cue modality and target modality, retrieval was diminished if participants changed the target selection criterion (as indicated by a cue presented before the selection took place) while they still performed the same task. Thus, solely through changes in the offline context (cue or selection criterion), involuntary retrieval can be weakened in an effective way. 相似文献
190.
Attention is known to serve multiple goals, including the selection of information for further perceptual analysis (selection
for perception) and for goal-directed behavior (selection for action). Here, we study the role of overt attention (i.e., eye
movements) as a gatekeeper for memorization processes (selection for memorization). Subjects memorized complex multidimensional
stimulus displays and subsequently indicated whether a specific (probe) item was present. In Experiment 1 we utilized an incidental
learning setting where in the beginning only a subset of display stimuli was relevant, whereas in a transfer block all stimuli
were possible probe items. In Experiment 2, we used an explicit learning setting within a between-group design. Response times
and gaze patterns indicated that subjects learned to ignore irrelevant stimuli while forming memory representations. The findings
suggest that complex feature binding processes in peripheral vision may serve to guide overt selective attention, which eventually
contributes to filtering out irrelevant information even in highly complex environments. Gaze patterns suggested that attentional
control settings persisted even when they were no longer required. 相似文献