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41.
Proactive inhibition in the pigeon was studied using a delayed-color-matching-to-sample task, with and without presentation of stimuli prior to the sample. Interference theory predicts that, relative to control performance, the disruptive effects of a prior stimulus should increase over a retention interval, while decay theory predicts that such disruptive effects should decrease over time. Results supported decay theory when performance was at a low level and interference theory when performance was at a high level. With performance at an intermediate level, parallel functions were obtained, an outcome supporting neither theory. It was concluded that the results supporting interference and decay theories were artifactually produced by floor and ceilling effects, respectively, and it was suggested that the results of earlier experiments using the present paradigm may well have been influenced by similar artifacts. Inserting a nondisruptive stimulus between a prior disruptive stimulus and the sample virtually eliminated the disruptive effects of the prior stimulus when tested immediately, but not when tested after 1 sec. The results of the present experiments and related findings can best be explained by either a modified decay theory (Grant, D. S. Proactive interference in pigeon short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 1975, 104, 207–220) or a modified temporal discrimination theory. 相似文献
42.
Alloy LB Abramson LY Whitehouse WG Hogan ME Panzarella C Rose DT 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2006,115(1):145-156
Do negative cognitive styles provide similar vulnerability to first onsets versus recurrences of depressive disorders, and are these associations specific to depression? The authors followed for 2.5 years prospectively college freshmen (N = 347) with no initial psychiatric disorders at high-risk (HR) versus low-risk (LR) for depression on the basis of their cognitive styles. HR participants had odds of major, minor, and hopelessness depression that were 3.5-6.8 times greater than the odds for LR individuals. Negative cognitive styles were similarly predictive of first onsets and recurrences of major depression and hopelessness depression but predicted first onsets of minor depression more strongly than recurrences. The risk groups did not differ in incidence of anxiety disorders not comorbid with depression or other disorders, but HR participants were more likely to have an onset of anxiety comorbid with depression. 相似文献
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In two experiments, subjects were presented with digit pairs (e.g., 32) and asked to respond to the rightmost number. Negative
priming, that is, slowed processing, was evident when the rightmost number was a counting-string (e.g., 43 following 12) or
addition-sum (e.g., 65 following 32) associate of the number pair from the preceding trial. The studies are the first to demonstrate
negative priming with counting and arithmetical memory representations and suggest the obligatory activation of these representations
with the presentation of number pairs. The results are also consistent with the view that negative priming often occurs at
the semantic level.
Received: 15 February 2000 / Accepted: 8 June 2000 相似文献
45.
The role of cluster B and C personality disturbance in the course of depression: a prospective study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Iacoviello BM Alloy LB Abramson LY Whitehouse WG Hogan ME 《Journal of personality disorders》2007,21(4):371-383
The association between personality disturbance and depression has been noted consistently. Prospective tests of personality's impact on the course of depression, however, are lacking. In a sample of 159 undergraduates who experienced at least one prospective depressive episode, dimensional scores for clusters B and C personality disturbance were examined as prospective predictors of four indicators of the course of depression: severity, episode duration, symptomatic chronicity and number of episodes. Cluster C personality disturbance, characterized by anxious and fearful features, predicted depression chronicity. Cluster B, characterized by dramatic, emotional and/or erratic features, predicted severity and duration of depression. The findings are discussed in terms of the possible mechanisms underlying the effects of clusters B and C, as well as implications for future research. 相似文献
46.
Personality measurement, faking, and employment selection 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Real job applicants completed a 5-factor model personality measure as part of the job application process. They were rejected; 6 months later they (n = 5,266) reapplied for the same job and completed the same personality measure. Results indicated that 5.2% or fewer improved their scores on any scale on the 2nd occasion; moreover, scale scores were as likely to change in the negative direction as the positive. Only 3 applicants changed scores on all 5 scales beyond a 95% confidence threshold. Construct validity of the personality scales remained intact across the 2 administrations, and the same structural model provided an acceptable fit to the scale score matrix on both occasions. For the small number of applicants whose scores changed beyond the standard error of measurement, the authors found the changes were systematic and predictable using measures of social skill, social desirability, and integrity. Results suggest that faking on personality measures is not a significant problem in real-world selection settings. 相似文献
47.
Wenshu Luo David Hogan Liang See Tan Berinderjeet Kaur Pak Tee Ng Melvin Chan 《Asian Journal of Social Psychology》2014,17(3):184-195
This study examines the role of self‐construal in student learning by testing a mediation model: through math achievement goals, self‐construal predicts math self‐concept and anxiety, which further predict math achievement. A sample of 1196 students from 104 secondary classes in Singapore took a survey and a math achievement test. The results from multi‐group structural equation modelling support measurement invariance and equal path coefficients in the mediation model between boys and girls. Interdependent self‐construal positively predicted mastery approach and avoidance goals, through which interdependent self‐construal had a positive total indirect effect on math anxiety. Independent self‐construal positively predicted mastery approach, performance approach and performance avoidance goals, and through the two approach goals, high independent self‐construal was associated with high math self‐concept. Overall, self‐construal was not associated with math achievement. The findings enhance our understanding of achievement motivation from a sociocultural perspective and help explain East Asian students’ relatively higher anxiety and lower self‐concept in comparison with their Western counterparts as reported in international studies. 相似文献
48.
49.
Aoife McTiernan Jennifer Holloway Olive Healy Michael Hogan 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2016,25(1):49-68
A randomized controlled trial was used to evaluate the impact of a frequency-building curriculum to increase the fluency of component mathematics skills in a sample of 28 males aged 9–11 years. Assessments of mathematical ability were conducted before and after the training period to evaluate the impact of learning component skills fluently on endurance, stability and application of mathematical skills. Statistically significant differences between the experimental training group and treatment-as-usual control group were found on measures of fluency, endurance, stability and one subtest of the Wechsler Individual Achievement test of mathematical ability. Results indicate the efficacy of the frequency-building curriculum in promoting fluency with component skills. Results are discussed in light of research and theory in the area of instructional design and behavioral fluency enhancement. 相似文献
50.
Samuel B. Green Yanyun Yang Mary Alt Shara Brinkley Shelley Gray Tiffany Hogan Nelson Cowan 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2016,23(3):750-763
Reliabilities of scores for experimental tasks are likely to differ from one study to another to the extent that the task stimuli change, the number of trials varies, the type of individuals taking the task changes, the administration conditions are altered, or the focal task variable differs. Given that reliabilities vary as a function of the design of these tasks and the characteristics of the individuals taking them, making inferences about the reliability of scores in an ongoing study based on reliability estimates from prior studies is precarious. Thus, it would be advantageous to estimate reliability based on data from the ongoing study. We argue that internal consistency estimates of reliability are underutilized for experimental task data and in many applications could provide this information using a single administration of a task. We discuss different methods for computing internal consistency estimates with a generalized coefficient alpha and the conditions under which these estimates are accurate. We illustrate use of these coefficients using data for three different tasks. 相似文献