Schedules using noxious stimuli. II: low intensity electric shock as a discriminative stimulus

The presence or absence of pulses of low intensity electric shock was used as a discriminative stimulus to control responding under fixed ratio reinforcement in the squirrel monkey. Initially brief periods of nonreinforcement were lengthened only when discriminative control was evident. Discriminative control was studied by (1) varying the duration of nonreinforcement periods; (2) reversing the stimulus conditions correlated with reinforcement and nonreinforcement periods; and (3) determining the minimum shock intensity necessary to maintain discriminative control. Stimulus control was not reliably affected by d-amphetamine, chlorpromazine, or morphine. The discriminative control by pulses of low intensity electric shock was similar to that by other discriminative stimuli, except that the control developed slowly and was better when the pulsing shock was correlated with reinforcement than when correlated with nonreinforcement.     

Interpersonal Relationship Preferences of Educators

The Interpersonal Orientation Scale (IOS) was developed from a theory of interpersonal relationships proposed by Erb and Hooker (in press). The IOS measures general posture toward interpersonal interactions on an altruistic-manipulative axis and assesses preference levels for 5 categories of manipulative techniques. The completed instrument was administered to selected groups of school administrators, teachers, and counselors. All sub-scales except one showed significant differences among the comparison groups. Counselors were most altruistic, then teachers, then administrators. Administrators and teachers indicated higher levels of preference for all manipulative techniques than did counselors. Significant sex differences were noted for teachers on three of the subscales while none were noted for counselors.     

Order of report and processing in tachistoscopic recognition

Two groups of 12 Ss were shown tachistoscopically 4 letters and 4 numbers. Within these alpha-numeric sequences, three variables were systematically manipulated: grouping of items, initial item, and familiarity of the letter sequences. One group of Ss reported first letters then numbers from each sequence; the other group reported numbers then letters. The results indicated that grouping, redundancy, and order of report had significant effects on letter accuracy but not on number accuracy. These effects were interpreted in terms of processing, particularly the use of spatial and identity information during recognition.