Shuffle-set dislocation nucleation in semiconductor silicon device

We have found that a shuffle-set dislocation is nucleated in a semiconductor silicon device subjected to severe thermal processing. The dislocation transforms into a dissociated glide-set dislocation after annealing at 500°C. A possible mechanism for the nucleation of a perfect shuffle-set dislocation during thermal processing is that the dislocation nucleus was nucleated at a low temperature during prior ion-implantation processing.     

Phenomenological model of variant change during magnetization of martensite

The present study deals with the straining of ferromagnetic martensite in a magnetizing field. A phenomenological model of the movement of the interface between martensitic variants is developed for calculation of the strength of the magnetic field required for a variant change. The effect of uniaxial stress on interface movement is also examined. The results are applied to the martensite phases of NiMnGa and FePd ferromagnetic shape-memory alloys.     

Effects of the Central Executive on Postural Control

The authors focused on individual working memory (WM) capacity and examined its effect on postural control. Participants were 79 young volunteers split into two groups of low- and high WM span, based on scores from the Reading Span Test. The length of unrest was measured in the following conditions: double-leg standing as a single (D-S) task, single-leg standing as a single (S-S) task, double-leg standing as a dual (D-D) task, and single-leg standing as a dual (S-D) task. Regarding inte-group comparisons, total length was prolonged significantly between the low- and the high-span groups but only on the S-D task. The present results revealed that dual-task interference emerged in the low-span group when in a more unstable posture.     

Resolving individual Shockley partials of a dissociated dislocation by STEM

A practical method was developed to image detailed features of defects in a crystal using STEM. This method is essentially a STEM version of the conventional CTEM g/3g weak beam dark field (WBDF) method. The method was successfully applied to resolving individual Shockley partials of a dissociated dislocation in a Cu-6.44at.%Al alloy.     

Comparison of the body-sway characteristics of young adults compared to healthy elderly and elderly with equilibrium disorder

The study compared body-sway characteristics of 380 young adults, 342 generally healthy elderly without disequilibrium disorders, and a group of 33 elderly with disequilibrium disorders. Center of foot pressure (COP) was measured for 1 min. using an Anima's stabilometer G5500 with a data sampling frequency of 20 Hz. Four high reliability measures were used to evaluate body sway (unit time sway, front-back sway, and a left-right sway, and high frequency band power). Unit time sway, left-right sway, and high frequency band power were significantly larger for the group of elderly with disequilibrium disorders, and smaller for the healthy elderly people and young adults, in that order. Front-back sway was significantly larger in the elderly with disequilibrium disorders and healthy elderly than in young adults. The elderly with disequilibrium disorders had a larger and faster sway than young adults as well as the healthy elderly, particularly in the left-right direction. It appears aging was specifically associated with larger influence on the front-back sway.     

Emergence of temperament in the neonate: neonates who cry longer during their first bath still cry longer at their next bathings

We observed that neonates who cried during bathing on day 2 still cried on days 3 and 4. The correlation coefficient, for example, between day 2 and day 3 was r = 0.410, p < 0.001, n = 100. Neonates may already have a distinct temperament (withdrawal and adaptability) as early as day 2 after birth.     

Difference in Cortical Relay Time Between Intrinsic Muscles of Dominant and Nondominant Hands

The authors aimed to calculate and compare cortical relay time (CRT) between intrinsic hand muscles and between homonymous muscles of dominant and nondominant hands. The participants comprised 22 healthy volunteers. The CRT for long-latency reflexes (LLRs) was calculated by subtracting the peak latency of somatosensory evoked potentials of component N20 and the onset latency of motor evoked potentials from the onset latency of LLRs. CRT was significantly shorter for the first dorsal interosseous muscle than for the abductor pollicis brevis muscle, regardless of hand dominance. CRT for the abductor pollicis brevis muscle was significantly shorter in the dominant hand than in the nondominant hand. Evaluation of CRT for intrinsic muscles might be beneficial in the understanding of individuated finger functions.     

Coherent modulation of stimulus colour can affect visually induced self-motion perception

The effects of dynamic colour modulation on vection were investigated to examine whether perceived variation of illumination affects self-motion perception. Participants observed expanding optic flow which simulated their forward self-motion. Onset latency, accumulated duration, and estimated magnitude of the self-motion were measured as indices of vection strength. Colour of the dots in the visual stimulus was modulated between white and red (experiment 1), white and grey (experiment 2), and grey and red (experiment 3). The results indicated that coherent colour oscillation in the visual stimulus significantly suppressed the strength of vection, whereas incoherent or static colour modulation did not affect vection. There was no effect of the types of the colour modulation; both achromatic and chromatic modulations turned out to be effective in inhibiting self-motion perception. Moreover, in a situation where the simulated direction of a spotlight was manipulated dynamically, vection strength was also suppressed (experiment 4). These results suggest that observer's perception of illumination is critical for self-motion perception, and rapid variation of perceived illumination would impair the reliabilities of visual information in determining self-motion.     

Cognitively active externalization for situated reflection

This paper offers an explanation of how collaboration leads to abstract and flexible problem solving. We asked the individual and paired subjects to indicate 3/4 of 2/3 of the area of a square sheet of paper and found that (1) they primarily folded or partitioned the paper rather than algorithmically calculating the answer, (2) they strongly tendened to backtrack and confirm their proto‐plans on externalized traces such as creases on the paper, and (3) only the paired subjects shifted to the mathematical strategy in their second trials. Based on these results, we propose that two factors, individuals' activeness in choosing and confirming the initial strategies and the frequent role exchange between task‐doing and monitoring in collaborative situations, interact in collaboration to generate various solutions differing in the degree of abstraction, which are then reflected upon by the participants to lead them to abstraction.     

上海博物馆藏战国楚竹书《周易》的"首符"与"尾符"

楚竹书《周易》首符、尾符所使用的方形结构,由内、中、外三层构成.依此三层结构进行分类,首、尾符号可以分为九种.将这九种符号和今本《周易》卦序非覆即变三十六卦图相对应,我们发现正好可以按四卦画一组,分为九组或九宫.假定楚竹书《周易》卦序确由九宫构成,则其与今本《周易》卦序有着密切的继承关系,但也有重要区别,其分宫法与一般以八经卦为基础的分宫法也不相同.楚竹书首、尾符号的设置,还反映出这样一种认识或意识,即一个卦,是由"卦画、卦名"和"卦辞、爻辞"两个部分构成的.