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21.
Twelve pigeons (Columba livia) were trained on a go/no-go schedule to discriminate between two kinds of movement patterns of dots, which to human observers
appear to be "intentional" and "non-intentional" movements. In experiment 1, the intentional motion stimulus contained one
dot (a "wolf") that moved systematically towards another dot as though stalking it, and three distractors ("sheep"). The non-intentional
motion stimulus consisted of four distractors but no stalker. Birds showed some improvement of discrimination as the sessions
progressed, but high levels of discrimination were not reached. In experiment 2, the same birds were tested with different
stimuli. The same parameters were used but the number of intentionally moving dots in the intentional motion stimulus was
altered, so that three wolves stalked one sheep. Despite the enhanced difference of movement patterns, the birds did not show
any further improvement in discrimination. However, birds for which the non-intentional stimulus was associated with reward
showed a decline in discrimination. These results indicated that pigeons can discriminate between stimuli that do and do not
contain an element that human observer see as moving intentionally. However, as no feature-positive effect was found in experiment 1,
it is assumed that pigeons did not perceive or discriminate these stimuli on the basis that the intentional stimuli contained
a feature that the non-intentional stimuli lacked, though the convergence seen in experiment 2 may have been an effective
feature for the pigeons. Pigeons seem to be able to recognise some form of multiple simultaneously goal-directed motions,
compared to random motions, as a distinctive feature, but do not seem to use simple "intentional" motion paths of two geometrical
figures, embedded in random motions, as a feature whose presence or absence differentiates motion displays.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
22.
Matthew J. Hornsey Samuel Pearson Jemima Kang Kai Sassenberg Jolanda Jetten Paul A. M. Van Lange Lucia G. Medina Catherine E. Amiot Liisi Ausmees Peter Baguma Oumar Barry Maja Becker Michal Bilewicz Thomas Castelain Giulio Costantini Girts Dimdins Agustín Espinosa Gillian Finchilescu Malte Friese Roberto González Nobuhiko Goto Ángel Gómez Peter Halama Ruby Ilustrisimo Gabriela M. Jiga-Boy Johannes Karl Peter Kuppens Steve Loughnan Marijana Markovikj Khairul A. Mastor Neil McLatchie Lindsay M. Novak Blessing N. Onyekachi Müjde Peker Muhammad Rizwan Mark Schaller Eunkook M. Suh Sanaz Talaifar Eddie M. W. Tong Ana Torres Rhiannon N. Turner Christin-Melanie Vauclair Alexander Vinogradov Zhechen Wang Victoria Wai Lan Yeung Brock Bastian 《European journal of social psychology》2023,53(1):78-89
While a great deal is known about the individual difference factors associated with conspiracy beliefs, much less is known about the country-level factors that shape people's willingness to believe conspiracy theories. In the current article we discuss the possibility that willingness to believe conspiracy theories might be shaped by the perception (and reality) of poor economic performance at the national level. To test this notion, we surveyed 6723 participants from 36 countries. In line with predictions, propensity to believe conspiracy theories was negatively associated with perceptions of current and future national economic vitality. Furthermore, countries with higher GDP per capita tended to have lower belief in conspiracy theories. The data suggest that conspiracy beliefs are not just caused by intrapsychic factors but are also shaped by difficult economic circumstances for which distrust might have a rational basis. 相似文献
23.
Hiromasa Goto 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2016,96(11):409-415
Electrochemical polymerization of thiophene-based achiral monomer having azobenzene as a chromophore irradiated by circular polarized light (CPL) was carried out to obtain chiroptically active polymer film on indium-tin oxide-coated glass. Circular dichroism and optical absorption spectroscopy measurements indicate the samples show chiroptical activity. This result indicates occurrence of absolute asymmetric polymerization by laser CPL. 相似文献
24.
Chong Y. Kim Sharon G. Goto Mark M. Bai Tia E. Kim Edwin Wong 《Journal of applied social psychology》2001,31(11):2417-2437
Predictors of Asian American first‐year college students’ intention to participate in a culturally congruent mentoring program was empirically documented using Ajzen and Fishbein's (1980) theory of reasoned action (TRA). Intention to participate was predicted by the belief that participation eases transition to college. Also, attitude toward participation was positively related to students’ beliefs that participation will strengthen ethnic identity and combat model‐minority myth. With 78% of students who intended to participate, results suggest that Asian American college students need programming that addresses issues as first‐year college students and those related to their cultural experience. The use of the TRA to better understand issues related to peer mentoring is illuminated. Wider implications for implementing culturally congruent mentoring programs in educational settings are discussed. 相似文献
25.
The authors examined the impact of perceived racial discrimination on various mental health outcomes for Asian American and Latino college students within an emic and etic framework. Results indicate that Asian American and Latino college students experienced similar exposure and reactions to various kinds of discrimination. However, Latino students were more likely than Asian American students to have been accused of doing something wrong, such as cheating and breaking the law, and more likely to appraise these experiences as stressful. Asian Americans evidenced higher risk for trait anxiety. Regardless of ethnicity, perceived racial discrimination was associated with several negative mental health outcomes, including higher psychological distress, suicidal ideation, state anxiety, trait anxiety, and depression. Findings highlight the need to address discrimination across multiple social and professional settings and to understand the broad array of mental health outcomes. 相似文献
26.
Toyomi Goto John P. Wilson Boaz Kahana Steve Slane 《Journal of applied social psychology》2006,36(8):2001-2026
This study investigates the relationship between psychological well-being and the impact of loss and psychological uncertainty after the 2000 Miyake Island volcanic eruption. 231 Japanese evacuees (ages 20-93, average 59.52 years old) responded to mailed questionnaires 10 months after the volcanic eruption in 2000. The questionnaire included the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) for posttraumatic stress disorder, an 11-item version of the Center for Epidemiological Study-Depression Scale (CES-D), assessment of disaster losses, demographics, and measure of relevant pre- and post-disaster activities (e.g., relocation, worry, doctor visits). Findings indicated that material loss and uncertainty of losses were significantly associated with higher rates of reported PTSD and depression symptoms. Those who relocated multiple times reported significantly higher rates of PTSD symptoms than those who relocated less frequently. Demographic characteristics such as being older, widowed, lower SES, less education, and longer length of residency on the island were also strongly associated with higher reported PTSD symptoms. Depression symptoms were strongly associated with being widowed, lower SES, longer length of residency on the island, and previous experiences of evacuations due to disasters. 相似文献
27.
Porntida Tanjitpiyanond Jolanda Jetten Kim Peters Ashwini Ashokkumar Oumar Barry Matthew Billet Maja Becker Robert W. Booth Diego Castro Juana Chinchilla Giulio Costantini Egon Dejonckheere Girts Dimdins Yasemin Erbas Agustín Espinosa Gillian Finchilescu Ángel Gómez Roberto González Nobuhiko Goto Aya Hatano Lea Hartwich Somboon Jarukasemthawee Jaya Kumar Karunagharan Lindsay M. Novak Jinseok P. Kim Michal Kohút Yi Liu Steve Loughnan Ike E. Onyishi Charity N. Onyishi Micaela Varela Iris S. Pattara-angkoon Müjde Peker Kullaya Pisitsungkagarn Muhammad Rizwan Eunkook M. Suh William Swann Eddie M. W. Tong Rhiannon N. Turner Niels Vanhasbroeck Paul A. M. Van Lange Christin-Melanie Vauclair Alexander Vinogradov Grace Wacera Zhechen Wang Susilo Wibisono Victoria Wai-Lan Yeung 《European journal of social psychology》2023,53(2):367-382
There is a growing body of work suggesting that social class stereotypes are amplified when people perceive higher levels of economic inequality—that is, the wealthy are perceived as more competent and assertive and the poor as more incompetent and unassertive. The present study tested this prediction in 32 societies and also examines the role of wealth-based categorization in explaining this relationship. We found that people who perceived higher economic inequality were indeed more likely to consider wealth as a meaningful basis for categorization. Unexpectedly, however, higher levels of perceived inequality were associated with perceiving the wealthy as less competent and assertive and the poor as more competent and assertive. Unpacking this further, exploratory analyses showed that the observed tendency to stereotype the wealthy negatively only emerged in societies with lower social mobility and democracy and higher corruption. This points to the importance of understanding how socio-structural features that co-occur with economic inequality may shape perceptions of the wealthy and the poor. 相似文献
28.
At a time when renewed emphasis is being placed on the role of the family in providing care for elderly people, shifts in family structures and the demographic profile of societies such as Atlantic Canada are impacting on community structures foundational to familial caregiving practices. Research shows that family members who attempt to provide familial care without adequate support risk negative health and interpersonal consequences. Hence many find it necessary to reflect upon their familial obligations. This article investigates the storytelling processes through which caregivers, aged between 45 and 55 years (N = 26), make sense of their efforts to provide care. We explore the ways in which participants in four focus groups and 12 interviews refer to negative consequences of caring in order to navigate dilemmas arising from their enactment of familial obligations in the absence of adequate support. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
29.
The logic of the stimulus 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This paper examines the contribution of stimulus processing to animal logics. In the classic functionalist S-O-R view of learning (and cognition), stimuli provide the raw material to which the organism applies its cognitive processes–its logic, which may be taxon-specific. Stimuli may contribute to the logic of the organism's response, and may do so in taxon-specific ways. Firstly, any non-trivial stimulus has an internal organization that may constrain or bias the way that the organism addresses it; since stimuli can only be defined relative to the organism's perceptual apparatus, and this apparatus is taxon-specific, such constraints or biases will often be taxon-specific. Secondly, the representation of a stimulus that the perceptual system builds, and the analysis it makes of this representation, may provide a model for the synthesis and analysis done at a more cognitive level. Such a model is plausible for evolutionary reasons: perceptual analysis was probably perfected before cognitive analysis in the evolutionary history of the vertebrates. Like stimulus-driven analysis, such perceptually modelled cognition may be taxon-specific because of the taxon-specificity of the perceptual apparatus. However, it may also be the case that different taxa are able to free themselves from the stimulus logic, and therefore apply a more abstract logic, to different extents. This thesis is defended with reference to two examples of cases where animals' cognitive logic seems to be isomorphic with perceptual logic, specifically in the case of pigeons' attention to global and local information in visual stimuli, and dogs' failure to comprehend means-end relationships in string-pulling tasks.This contribution is part of the special issue “Animal Logics” (Watanabe and Huber 2006). 相似文献
30.
The Sins of Their Fathers: When Current Generations Are Held to Account for the Transgressions of Previous Generations
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Nobuhiko Goto Jolanda Jetten Minoru Karasawa Matthew J. Hornsey 《Political psychology》2015,36(4):479-487
When are current generations held accountable for transgressions committed by previous generations? In two studies, we test the prediction that current generations will only be assigned guilt for past atrocities when victim group members perceive high levels of cultural continuity between historical perpetrators and the current generation within the perpetrator group. Japanese participants were presented with information describing the current generation of Americans as either similar or dissimilar in personality to the Americans who were implicated in dropping the atomic bomb on Japan during World War II. The results of both studies revealed that victim group members assigned more guilt to current Americans when they perceived high (compared to low) outgroup continuity, and they did so relatively independently of the transgressor group's guilt expressions. 相似文献