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101.
John M. Gardiner Hilary Klee Graham Redman Michael Ball 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1976,28(3):395-402
The release from proactive inhibition (PI) paradigm has been widely used as a technique for exploring the encoding dimensions of short-term memory for verbal items. PI release data have been used not only to infer particular memory codes but also to index their relative salience. In the present study, the effects of manipulating the colour (red or black) in which the stimulus material is printed were investigated in two separate experiments. No release effect was obtained in the first, where common two-syllable words were presented. In the second, where consonant trigrams were presented, a large effect was found. Since the same colour feature was manipulated in each experiment, it is argued that this pattern of results has serious implications for the use of PI release data as a technique for mapping the encoding dimensions of short-term memory. 相似文献
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This study examined the effects of monitoring speaker's voice in the Wickens' attribute shift paradigm and, in addition, subsequently measured voice retention in a recognition test. Monitoring voice appeared to enhance the release effect obtained, but neither monitoring nor shift conditions led to superior voice recognition for the final trial. These data are used to support the position that release effects are determined not so much by the registration of the critical attribute as such, but by the extent to which that attribute can be utilized in retrieving the to-be-remembered items. 相似文献
104.
Previous research has indicated that women who participate in competitive sports tend to score low on traditional measures of femininity, and such women have been characterized as masculine (Harris, 1975). These studies used the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974) to measure the degree of sex-typing in 25 male and 23 female competitors in a national racquetball tournament and 24 male and 27 female competitors in local badminton, squash, and handball tournaments. Results for the first study indicated that a larger percentage of androgynous women as compared to traditionally feminine or masculine women entered the racquetball tournament, whereas the largest percentage of male entrants were in the masculine role category. Results for the second study indicated that among contestants who cited a competitive reason for entering the tournament, a larger percentage of both men and women were sex-typed as androgynous or masculine rather than feminine. These results were subsequently reanalyzed according to an alternate procedure suggested by Bem (1977) in order to compare the behavior of subjects who score high on both masculinity and femininity and those who scored low on both. While the percentages of masculine, feminine, and androgynous subjects were changed by the new categorization procedure, there were no differences found between high—high and low—low scorers. Implications of these results for the traditional characterization of women participants in competitive sports and for the usefulness of the BSRI in predicting nonlaboratory behavior are discussed.Portions of this article are based on an honors thesis submitted by the senior author to the University of Winnipeg. The authors are indebted to Stephen Davis and Wayne Andrew for their comments on the data analysis and their constructive criticisms of an earlier draft of this article. 相似文献
105.
Einstein GO McDaniel MA Thomas R Mayfield S Shank H Morrisette N Breneiser J 《Journal of experimental psychology. General》2005,134(3):327-342
Theoretically, prospective memory retrieval can be accomplished either by controlled monitoring of the environment for a target event or by a more reflexive process that spontaneously responds to the presence of a target event. These views were evaluated in Experiments 1-4 by examining whether performing a prospective memory task produced costs on the speed of performing the ongoing task. In Experiment 5, the authors directly tested for the existence of spontaneous retrieval. The results supported the multiprocess theory (M. A. McDaniel & G. O. Einstein, 2000) predictions that (a) spontaneous retrieval can occur and can support good prospective memory and (b) depending on task demands and individual differences, people rely to different degrees on monitoring versus spontaneous retrieval for prospective remembering. 相似文献
106.
In a target detection task involving sustained attentional monitoring, rhythmic properties of tone sequences were found to affect detection performance (area under receiver-operating characteristic curves) and reaction times. Alternating tone frequencies (high, low) formed three different recurrent rhythms (binary, trinary, mixed) which varied in complexity. Attentional set was also manipulated so that participants attended either to tones of both frequencies (divided) or to only the higher of the two tones (selective). The most interesting finding involved an interaction between attentional set and rhythm, indicating that selective attending is enhanced by the most complex (mixed) rhythm, whereas divided attending tends to be best with the simplest rhythm (binary). Results are discussed in terms of a theory of dynamic attending, in which it is assumed that listeners actively use attending oscillators to direct attending. 相似文献
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Gordon L. Flett Paul L. Hewitt Kirk R. Blankstein Shawn W. Mosher 《Current Psychology》1995,14(2):112-137
The present research tested the hypothesis that perfectionists who experience stress are vulnerable to depression, in part
because negative life events represent a failure to maintain control over negative outcomes. In Study 1, 215 subjects completed
the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) and control measures. The MPS assesses self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially
prescribed perfectionism. It was confirmed that self-oriented and other-oriented perfectionism were associated with both higher
desire for control and greater perceived personal control. Study 2 examined whether trait levels of perfectionism moderate
the link between life stress and symptoms of depression. In addition, prospective analyses investigated whether perfectionism
accounts for changes in levels of depressive symptomatology over time. Two samples comprised of 374 students (Sample 1) and
173 students (Sample 2) completed the MPS and measures of major life stress and depression symptoms. Subjects in Sample 2
completed these measures at two timepoints separated by a three-month interval. Regression analyses indicated that self-oriented
perfectionism and life stress interact significantly to produce higher levels of depressive symptomatology. Moreover, in Sample
2, self-oriented perfectionism at Time 1 was associated with increases in depression symptoms three months later for those
individuals who had experienced a major life event. The results provide support for diathesis-stress models, which maintain
that perfectionists exposed to life stress are vulnerable to symptoms of depression. The results are discussed in terms of
their implications for the study of personality, stress, and vulnerability to symptoms of depression.
This research was supported by grants #410-89-0335, #410-91-8056, and #410-93-1256 from the Social Sciences and Humanities
Research Council of Canada awarded to the authors. 相似文献
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