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111.
112.
Molly Helt Elizabeth Kelley Marcel Kinsbourne Juhi Pandey Hilary Boorstein Martha Herbert Deborah Fein 《Neuropsychology review》2008,18(4):339-366
Although Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are generally assumed to be lifelong, we review evidence that between 3% and 25%
of children reportedly lose their ASD diagnosis and enter the normal range of cognitive, adaptive and social skills. Predictors
of recovery include relatively high intelligence, receptive language, verbal and motor imitation, and motor development, but
not overall symptom severity. Earlier age of diagnosis and treatment, and a diagnosis of Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not
Otherwise Specified are also favorable signs. The presence of seizures, mental retardation and genetic syndromes are unfavorable
signs, whereas head growth does not predict outcome. Controlled studies that report the most recovery came about after the
use of behavioral techniques. Residual vulnerabilities affect higher-order communication and attention. Tics, depression and
phobias are frequent residual co-morbidities after recovery. Possible mechanisms of recovery include: normalizing input by
forcing attention outward or enriching the environment; promoting the reinforcement value of social stimuli; preventing interfering
behaviors; mass practice of weak skills; reducing stress and stabilizing arousal. Improving nutrition and sleep quality is
non-specifically beneficial. 相似文献
113.
Ruminative self-focus and autobiographical memory 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Many studies have shown a positive relationship between elevated dispositional self-focus and emotional disorder. Trapnell and Campbell (1999) proposed that this relationship was only true for ruminative forms of self-focus, reflective self-focus being associated with psychological health. The present study aimed: (1) to examine the replicability of Trapnell and Campbell's (1999) questionnaire-based differentiation of reflective and ruminative dispositional self-focus; (2) to see whether reflection and rumination could also be differentiated using measures of autobiographical memory; (3) to see whether such memory measures could elucidate mechanisms underlying different forms of dispositional self-focus. 130 volunteers retrieved autobiographical memories to neutral cue words and completed questionnaires. Questionnaires differentiated reflection and rumination: reflection correlated with openness to experience, whereas rumination correlated with neuroticism, replicating previous findings that it is specifically ruminative self-focus that is maladaptive. Memory measures also differentiated reflection and rumination: reflection was unrelated to the affective qualities of memories, whereas rumination correlated with measures of the happiness, unhappiness and at-oneness of memories. Dispositional ruminative self-focus, like neuroticism, was specifically related to increased accessibility of memories of events where individuals felt “not at all at-one with things”. This style of memory access could underpin dispositional ruminative self-focus, which is closely linked to neuroticism. 相似文献
114.
Cynthia Huang-Pollock Roger Ratcliff Gail McKoon Zvi Shapiro Alex Weigard Hilary Galloway-Long 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2017,45(1):57-68
Slow, variable, and error-prone performance on speeded reaction time (RT) tasks has been well documented in childhood ADHD, but equally well documented is the context-dependent nature of those deficits, particularly with respect to event rate. As event rates increase (or, as the interstimulus intervals become shorter), RTs decrease, a pattern of performance that has long been interpreted as evidence that cognitive deficits in ADHD are a downstream consequence of a fundamental difficulty in the regulation of arousal to meet task demands. We test the extent to which this is a misinterpretation of the data that occurs when RT and accuracy are considered separately, as is common in neurocognitive research. In two samples of children aged 8–10 with (N?=?97; 33 girls) and without (N?=?39; 26 girls) ADHD, we used the diffusion model, an influential computational model of RT, to examine the effect of event rate on inhibitory control in a go-no-go task. Contrary to longstanding belief, we found that fast event rates slowed the rate at which children with ADHD accumulated evidence to make a decision to “no-go”, as indexed by drift rate. This in turn resulted in a higher proportion of failed inhibits, and occurred despite increased task engagement, as reflected by changes in the starting point of the decision process. Thus, although faster event rates increased task engagement among children with ADHD, the increased engagement was unable to counteract the concurrent slowing of processing speed to “no-go” decisions. Implications for theoretical models of ADHD and treatments are discussed. 相似文献
115.
Patrick S Bordnick Ken M Graap Hilary L Copp Jeremy Brooks Mirtha Ferrer 《Cyberpsychology & behavior》2005,8(5):487-492
Drug craving has purportedly been linked to relapse and to substance use. For over two decades, cue reactivity has been a viable method to assess craving and physiological reactions to drug stimuli. However, traditional cue reactivity has faced the following limitations: austere situations or stimuli, lack of complex cues, lack of standardization, and limited generalization outside of the lab setting. In order to improve cue methodologies, a virtual reality (VR) nicotine cue reactivity assessment system (VR-NCRAS) was developed and tested in a controlled experimental trial. Ten nicotine dependent smokers were exposed to VR smoking cues and VR neutral cues in a standardized, timed, computer controlled experiment. Subjective craving and physiological responses were recorded and compared across VR-NCRAS stimuli. Subjective cigarette craving increased significantly and corresponding physiological reactivity was observed in response to VR smoking cues. VR neutral cues did not result in subjective or physiological changes consistent with craving. Implications of these findings on substance abuse research and treatment are discussed. 相似文献
116.
Koleen McCrink Patrick Shafto Hilary Barth 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2017,70(4):686-702
Children without formal education in addition and subtraction are able to perform multi-step operations over an approximate number of objects. Further, their performance improves when solving approximate (but not exact) addition and subtraction problems that allow for inversion as a shortcut (e.g., a?+?b???b?=?a). The current study examines children's ability to perform multi-step operations, and the potential for an inversion benefit, for the operations of approximate, non-symbolic multiplication and division. Children were trained to compute a multiplication and division scaling factor (*2 or /2, *4 or /4), and were then tested on problems that combined two of these factors in a way that either allowed for an inversion shortcut (e.g., 8*4/4) or did not (e.g., 8*4/2). Children's performance was significantly better than chance for all scaling factors during training, and they successfully computed the outcomes of the multi-step testing problems. They did not exhibit a performance benefit for problems with the a*b/b structure, suggesting that they did not draw upon inversion reasoning as a logical shortcut to help them solve the multi-step test problems. 相似文献
117.
Although the development of number-line estimation ability is well documented, little is known of the processes underlying
successful estimators’ mappings of numerical information onto spatial representations during these tasks. We tracked adults’
eye movements during a number-line estimation task to investigate the processes underlying number-to-space translation, with
three main results. First, eye movements were strongly related to the target number’s location, and early processing measures
directly predicted later estimation performance. Second, fixations and estimates were influenced by the size of the first
number presented, indicating that adults calibrate their estimates online. Third, adults’ number-line estimates demonstrated
patterns of error consistent with the predictions of psychophysical models of proportion estimation, and eye movement data
predicted the specific error patterns we observed. These results support proportion-based accounts of number-line estimation
and suggest that adults’ translation of numerical information into spatial representations is a rapid, online process. 相似文献
118.
Adults vary their haptic exploratory behavior reliably with variation both in the sensory input and in the task goals. Little is known about the development of these connections between perceptual goals and exploratory behaviors. A total of 36 children ages 3, 4, and 5 years and 20 adults completed a haptic intramodal match-to-sample task. Participants were instructed to feel the shape, texture, rigidity, or weight of a sample object and then were asked to find which of three test objects matched the sample on that specific property. Hand movements were examined to determine whether children produced the same exploratory procedures while gathering perceptual information about each property as adults who searched for the same kind of information. Children demonstrated that they had good haptic abilities in two ways: They matched the sample objects on the specified perceptual dimension at near ceiling levels, and they produced the same hand movement patterns to find the same properties as adults. 相似文献
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