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181.
Regulatory fit is experienced when people pursue a goal in a manner that sustains their regulatory orientation. Previous research on promotion and prevention orientations has found that regulatory fit increases people’s perception that a decision they made was “right,” which in turn transfers value to the decision outcome, including being willing to pay more for a product than those who chose the same product without regulatory fit (Higgins, 2000; Higgins et al., in press). We predicted that the effect of regulatory fit on monetary value could be generalized to locomotion and assessment orientations. Participants were willing to pay over 40% more for the same book-light when it was chosen with a strategy that fit their regulatory orientation (assessment/“full evaluation”; locomotion/“progressive elimination”) than when it was chosen with a non-fit strategy. 相似文献
182.
The authors propose that automatic social behavior may result from perceivers preparing to interact with primed social group members. In Study 1, participants primed with a disliked outgroup (gay men) showed evidence of interaction preparation (aggression) rather than direct stereotypic trait expression (passivity). In Study 2, participants with implicit positive attitudes toward the elderly walked more slowly after "elderly" priming, but participants with negative attitudes walked more quickly, results consistent with a preparatory account; the reverse was found priming "youth." Study 3 demonstrated that the accessibility of a primed category follows a pattern more consistent with that of goal-related constructs (including post-goal-fulfillment inhibition) than that of semantically primed constructs. Implications for the function of stored knowledge are discussed. 相似文献
183.
Higgins ET 《Psychological review》2006,113(3):439-460
Recognizing that value involves experiencing pleasure or pain is critical to understanding the psychology of value. But hedonic experience is not enough. I propose that it is also necessary to recognize that strength of engagement can contribute to experienced value through its contribution to the experience of motivational force--an experience of the intensity of the force of attraction to or repulsion from the value target. The subjective pleasure/pain properties of a value target influence strength of engagement, but factors separate from the hedonic properties of the value target also influence engagement strength and thus contribute to the experience of attraction or repulsion. These additional sources of engagement strength include opposition to interfering forces, overcoming personal resistance, using the right or proper means of goal pursuit, and regulatory fit between the orientation and manner of goal pursuit. Implications of the contribution of engagement strength to value are discussed for judgment and decision making, persuasion, and emotional experiences. 相似文献
184.
Gelfand MJ Higgins M Nishii LH Raver JL Alexandria D Murakami F Yamaguchi S Toyama M 《The Journal of applied psychology》2002,87(5):833-845
In this article, the authors advanced a cultural view of judgment biases in conflict and negotiation. The authors predicted that disputants' self-serving biases of fairness would be more prevalent in individualistic cultures, such as the United States, in which the self is served by focusing on one's positive attributes to "stand out" and be better than others, yet would be attenuated in collectivistic cultures, such as Japan, where the self is served by focusing on one's negative characteristics to "blend in" (S. J. Heine, D. R. Lehman, H. R. Markus, & S. Kitayama, 1999). Four studies that used different methodologies (free recall, scenarios, and a laboratory experiment) supported this notion. Implications for the science and practice of negotiation are discussed. 相似文献
185.
In this article the authors review the historical development of Chinese psychology. China's long history as a country immersed in the study of psychological issues is well known and has had an influence on developments in the field of psychology around the world. Modern Chinese psychology, however, was imported from the West and the Soviet Union and has been closely linked with China's social environment and changes of national policy. Today Chinese psychology is still in a preliminary stage. Despite difficulties that may impede its future development, the importance of psychology in the modernization of China has been widely recognized. 相似文献
186.
Figlewicz DP Van Dijk G Wilkinson CW Gronbeck P Higgins M Zavosh A 《Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2002,5(3):217-226
Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) is a syndrome of acute adaptation to a metabolic stressor, in which neuroendocrine responses to repetitive hypoglycemic bouts are blunted. The CNS mechanisms that contribute to HAAF are unknown. In the present study, we modeled HAAF in the rat and measured the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) as an index of acute noradrenergic activation, to test the hypothesis that noradrenergic activation of the hypothalamus might be impaired. In association with a significant counter-regulatory response to a single bout of hypoglycemia (elevated corticosterone, catecholamines, and glucagon), TH activity was elevated overall in brainstem NE cell body areas and hypothalamus. With multiple hypoglycemic episodes in a 24 h period, the counter-regulatory response was blunted, and hypothalamic TH activity was comparable to that of saline-infused controls. In a similar paradigm, multiple bouts of CNS neuroglucopenia did not blunt the hyperglycemic or corticosterone responses, and were required for elevation of TH activity. This alternate response pattern suggests that insulin-induced hypoglycemia and cerebral neuroglucopenia represent somewhat different metabolic stressors at the CNS. 相似文献
187.
Prevention pride reflects a person's subjective history of success in preventing negative outcomes, leading to a strategic avoidance of errors of commission (e.g., explicit mistakes) in new situations. Two studies examined the impact of prevention pride on the strategies that highly rejection sensitive (HRS) people use to cope with the anxiety of anticipated rejection and the negative feelings elicited by perceived rejection. It was hypothesized that prevention pride orientation would lead HRS people toward covert and passive rather than overt and active forms of negative coping. Results indicated that HRS individuals who were also high in prevention pride reported increased use of self-silencing, presumably to prevent rejection. When rejection was perceived, however, they expressed hostility passively, by reducing positive behavior (e.g., withdrawing love and support) while inhibiting direct, active acts of hostility (e.g., yelling). 相似文献
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190.
This article considers emotional-motivational predispositions associated with self-beliefs other than the self-concept. Specifically, we examined the consequences of a chronic conflict between two valued selves. In two studies, we tested the hypothesis that people who possess conflicting standards or self-guides are vulnerable to a particular type of psychological discomfort. We found that subjects possessing discrepant self-guides experienced significantly more frequently the cluster of emotional-motivational problems predicted to be related to a chronic double approach-avoidance conflict (feeling muddled, indecisive, distractible, unsure of self or goals, rebellious, confused about identity) than did subjects without such a discrepancy. Evidence is presented that this specific relation is independent of self-concept-related beliefs and problems. However, evidence is also presented that self-guide-self-guide discrepancies influence the nature of the self-concept, which may reflect subjects' chronic difficulties with self-assessment along a dimension described by this type of discrepancy. 相似文献