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191.
Sonja Grover 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2003,1(4):349-383
This paper considers what are the appropriate limits of parental or guardian proxy consent for a child's participation in
medical or social science research. Such proxy consent, it is proposed, is invalid in regards “non-therapeutic research.”
The latter research may add to scientific knowledge and/or benefit others, but any benefit to the child research participant
is but a coincidental theoretical possibility and not a primary objective. Research involving children, without intended and
acceptable prospect of beneficial outcome to the individual participant, even if with negligible risk, does not meet the test
for “best interests.” Proxy consent for children's involvement in research is justifiable only when given for and on behalf
of the child in his or her best interest to enhance the child's well-being. Only in the latter case is the parental proxy
consent situation analogous in regards key criteria to a competent individual consenting to research participation.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Sonja Utz 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2004,40(6):769-776
Two studies examined the influence of I primes on cooperative behavior. Two contrasting hypotheses were tested, using prosocial allocations (Experiment 1) and behavior in a give-some dilemma (Experiment 2) as dependent variables and assessing subjects’ social value orientation. The self-activation hypothesis (Verplanken & Holland, 2002) predicts that social value orientation influences behavior to a stronger degree when activated. That is, proselfs should behave less cooperatively, whereas prosocials should behave even more cooperatively in an I prime condition. The independent self-construal hypothesis (e.g., Gardner, Gabriel, & Lee, 1999) predicts a stronger concern for one’s own outcome and less cooperative behavior for individuals with an activated independent self-construal. In both studies an interaction between priming and social value orientation occurred, supporting the self-activation hypothesis. Implications for the importance of social cognitive processes underlying cooperative behavior, as well as, implications for research on independent vs interdependent self-construals are discussed. 相似文献
194.
Sonja Utz Jaap W. Ouwerkerk Paul A. M. Van Lange 《European journal of social psychology》2004,34(3):317-332
Prior theorizing of rationality in social dilemmas suggests that individuals pursuing different interaction goals may ‘perceive’ different associations between competence and behaviour in a social dilemma, arguing that competitive individuals associate competence with noncooperation (i.e. noncooperation=smart), whereas prosocial individuals associate competence with cooperation (i.e. cooperation=smart; goal‐prescribes‐rationality principle, Van Lange & Kuhlman, 1994). The present research examines whether cooperative interaction can be affected by subtle activation (or priming) of competence, and whether the effects may differ for competitive versus prosocial participants. Consistent with hypotheses, two experiments revealed that priming competence yielded reduced levels of cooperation (and greater exploitation) among competitors, and yielded no effects (Experiment 1) or a tendency towards enhanced cooperation (Experiment 2) among prosocials. The discussion considers theoretical implications of relatively subtle influences on cooperative interaction in social dilemmas. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
195.
Sonja Utz 《Cyberpsychology & behavior》2004,7(2):241-246
Writing E-mail is the most popular Internet activity. Meanwhile, many people have more than one E-mail address. The question how people manage their E-mail addresses, more specifically, whether they use them deliberately for different purposes, is the central question of this paper. E-mail addresses vary in the amount of identifying information they convey (e.g., name, gender, status). It is proposed that the amount of identifying information an email address contains is a predictor of usage for a specific purpose. However, it is assumed that not all people choose email addresses in a rational way, according to the optimal fit between amount of identifying information and purpose of the E-mail. Thus, the role of other factors is tested as well. An online survey on German Internet users showed that it is common to have more than one E-mail address. Especially free webmail addresses (freemail) are extremely popular. People used more anonymous E-mail addresses when they expected spam or were concerned about privacy. However, there were also interindividual differences in the management of E-mail addresses. 相似文献
196.
Studia Logica - We take a logical approach to threshold models, used to study the diffusion of opinions, new technologies, infections, or behaviors in social networks. Threshold models consist of a... 相似文献
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The diallel cross genetic design was employed to determine the pattern of inheritance of male-male agonistic behavior in laboratory mice. The results indicated strong strain differences in agonistic behaviors and strain ranks that replicated previous findings. The genetic analysis showed the presence of additive and nondirectional dominance effects on the behaviors measured. This pattern has been characterized as indicating the action of stabilizing selection and indicates that the trait has not been under directional selection. 相似文献
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