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391.
A study by Shaw (7) some twenty years ago is frequently cited by social scientists to support the generalization that groups are superior to individuals in problem-solving. Shaw suggests that personal interaction within the group is responsible for the superior performance of groups. This article re-examines her data in the light of two models which propose that the difference in quality of solution between group and individual performance is solely a matter of ability. It is shown that Shaw's data may be considered to have been an outcome of behavior postulated by the models. Since Shaw's observations relate to a special population and to special kinds of problems, the proposed models may not be appropriate under differing experimental conditions. In fact, Lorgeet al. (4) have indicated that experimental demonstration of the superiority of groups over individuals in problem-solving depends not only on the kind of group but also on the kind of problem to be solved. In addition, the diversity of transfer of training for groups and for individuals is considered.Supported in part by the Office of Naval Research under Contract N6 onr 266 (21) and the Air Force Personnel and Training Research Center under Contract AF 18(600)-341. 相似文献
392.
D. J. McFarland 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1966,18(1):19-30
A mechanism for the disinhibition of displacement activities is proposed, by which a factor arising from non-reward causes attention to be switched to irrelevant aspects of the stimulus situation. In addition to evidence already extant, three lines of evidence are presented for the case of displacement pecking in the Barbary dove: (1) partially rewarded doves learn more about incidental aspects of a discrimination situation than consistently rewarded doves; (2) partially rewarded doves respond more readily to irrelevant stimuli than consistently rewarded doves; (3) doves which take longest to extinguish a simple approach response, also spend most time displacement pecking. 相似文献
393.
394.
395.
André T. Möller Hester M. Rabe Charl Nortje 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2001,19(4):259-270
To test the hypothesis that the irrational evaluative beliefs, postulated by Rational-emotive behavior therapy, are related to marital conflict, 17 individuals from distressed marriages and 20 from non-distressed marriages participated in the Articulated Thoughts during Simulated Situations procedure. Four scenes, representing different dimensions of marital conflict (power/control, boundaries, expressive investment and instrumental investment), were used. On all the scenes, the distressed group showed significantly more irrational cognitions than the non-distressed group, while the scenes elicited significantly more positive thoughts with the non-distressed individuals compared to the distressed group. The results also showed that the non-distressed group displayed significantly more positive than negative thoughts for all the conflict scenes combined. However, no significant difference between positive and negative thoughts was found for the distressed group. 相似文献
396.
Solomon Feferman 《Erkenntnis》2000,53(1-2):63-96
The goals of reduction andreductionism in the natural sciences are mainly explanatoryin character, while those inmathematics are primarily foundational.In contrast to global reductionistprograms which aim to reduce all ofmathematics to one supposedly ``universal' system or foundational scheme, reductive proof theory pursues local reductions of one formal system to another which is more justified in some sense. In this direction, two specific rationales have been proposed as aims for reductive proof theory, the constructive consistency-proof rationale and the foundational reduction rationale. However, recent advances in proof theory force one to consider the viability of these rationales. Despite the genuine problems of foundational significance raised by that work, the paper concludes with a defense of reductive proof theory at a minimum as one of the principal means to lay out what rests on what in mathematics. In an extensive appendix to the paper,various reduction relations betweensystems are explained and compared, and arguments against proof-theoretic reduction as a ``good' reducibilityrelation are taken up and rebutted. 相似文献
397.
A substantive literature connects spirituality to positive physical, social, and mental health. In this study, the Daily Spiritual
Experiences Scale (DSES) was administered to 410 subjects who participated in a community study and to 87 residents at the
Hebrew Home for the Aged at Riverdale (HHAR), the latter sample consisting primarily of older Jewish respondents. Internal
consistency of the DSES in both samples was high and exploratory factor analyses revealed one dominant factor and a second
factor, which included 14 and 2 items, respectively, consistent with the scale’s original validation (Underwood and Teresi
2002). Demographic subgroup comparison among religious groups revealed significantly fewer daily spiritual experiences among Jews,
and lowest scores among those respondents endorsing no religious affiliation. Women exhibited more frequent daily experience
than men, and attainment of higher levels of education was associated with less frequent daily spiritual experience. All but
one of the outcome measures of physical and psychologic well-being were found to be positively associated with the DSES so
that more frequent daily spiritual experience correlated with less psychopathology, more close friendships, and better self-rated
health. Directions for future research, study interpretation and limitations, and clinical implications for use of the DSES
are discussed. 相似文献
398.
This study describes the relation between internal working models of caregiving, child attachment, and maternal behavior in the home. Thirty-two mothers of 6-year-old children were observed in the home and subsequently interviewed regarding experiential and affective dimensions of parenting. Interviews were examined in order to assess the quality of the mother's thinking regarding two dimensions of caregiving (secure base, competence) which we hypothesized to be related to attachment security. Results indicated a strong correspondence between internal working models of caregiving and child mental representations of attachments as measured from the child's response to a laboratory reunion. The correspondence between mental representations of caregiving and maternal behavior in the home was limited. Representation ratings were most strongly associated with competence-supporting behavior. Implications for infant mental health research and program evaluation are discussed. 相似文献
399.
The study examined the factor structure and cross-cultural validity of the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES) in a sample of South African students (N = 862; black African = 67%, female = 71.5%). Alternative a priori CFA models (unidimensional, bi-dimensional and unidimensional models comprising either latent method factor or correlated residuals) were evaluated. Results indicated that the RSES in black and white South African university students is represented by a unidimensional model with correlated residuals of negatively and positively phrased items. Findings also suggested method effects on black African students to be significantly associated with negatively worded items compared to white students. Method bias effects appear to show for some RSES items and this may have important implications for the cross-cultural utility of the RSES in South Africa. 相似文献
400.