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51.
Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) is considered to be an effective treatment of distress associated with tinnitus (perception of internal noises without any outer auditory stimulation), but the processes by which the therapy works remain unclear. Mindfulness and acceptance is receiving increased attention in the treatment literature for chronic medical conditions. However, few studies have examined these and related processes with behavioral or observer measures. In the present study 57 videotapes (a total of 1710 min) from 19 clients who participated in a controlled trial of an acceptance-based treatment for tinnitus distress, were coded for frequency and peak level of verbal behaviors expressing either acceptance or cognitive defusion. Frequency of cognitive defusion behaviors and peak level of cognitive defusion as well as peak level of acceptance rated in Session 2, predicted symptom reduction 6 month following treatment. These relationships were not accounted for by the improvement that had occurred prior to the measurement point of the process variables. Moreover, prior symptom changes could not predict process variables rated later in therapy (after most of the improvement in therapy had occurred). Thus, clients’ in-session acceptance and cognitive defusion behaviors appear to play an important role in the reduction of negative impact of tinnitus. 相似文献
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Standardization processes under the aegis of standards bodies in different geographic domains exhibit similar institutional
features, such as the consensus principle in decision making. Nevertheless, among national and regional standardization systems
there are significant differences that primarily refer to different attitudes that actors in the respective domains hold towards
standardization. Furthermore, these differences in attitude are the result of different cultural, socio-economic and even
mental states. Using an institutional approach, this paper argues that the state of standardization system may serve as an
indicator of the respective overall mental, cultural and social-economic states in different domains.
The authors are indebted to Henk de Vries, Rotterdam School of Management, Netherlands Standardization Institute and Tineke
Egyedi and Koen Dittrich, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, and an anonymous referee for helpful comments and
suggestions. 相似文献
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The frequencies of nine types of disfluency, including silent pauses, were studied in 60 nonstuttering males, 3.5 and 5 yr-of-age. The younger children evidenced significantly higher rates of part word, word, and phrase repetitions, incomplete phrases, and disrhythmic phonations. The older children demonstrated significantly more grammatical pauses. The two groups did not differ in the frequency of interjections, ungrammatical pauses, and revisions. The most powerful discriminating category between the two age groups was phrase repetition. The results are compared with findings from other recent investigations of disfluency in nonstuttering preschool males. Possible explanations for the discrepancies among the various investigations and for the high degree of variability in disfluency reported in the literature are proposed. The results of this investigation suggest that nonstuttering children begin to show more adult-like disfluency patterns toward the later preschool years. 相似文献
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