Cultural variations in socialization for school achievement: Contrasts between Japan and the United States

Studies of family effects on children's school-relevant skills usually involve socioeconomic status (SES) or ethnic comparisons within Western cultures. This paper extends these cultural comparisons with results from a longitudinal study of family influences on school achievement in Japan and the United States. The initial project included 58 mothers and their 4-year-old children in Japan and 67 mothers and their children in the United States. Data were gathered by interview, tests of mental ability, and three interaction tasks. A follow-up phase included 48 mothers and their 11-year-old children in Japan and 47 mothers and their 12-year-old children in the United States. Ten maternal variables from the preschool phase were selected to examine the association between maternal behavior and school readiness at ages 5 and 6 and scores on tests of vocabulary and mathematics at follow-up. Maternal behavior was significantly related to both outcomes in both countries even after children's mental ability at age 4 was taken into account. The association of maternal behavior with children's school-relevant performance increased between preschool and follow-up periods in Japan but declined in the United States. Explanations are offered relating these trends to socialization patterns in the two cultures.     

The periscope box: A nonobtrusive method of providing an eye-to-eye video perspective

An apparatus is described that allows for the nonobtrusive recording, from a direct camera perspective, of a subject watching a video or computer display. The device follows the basic principles of a periscope and is useful in a variety of experimental paradigms, particularly those involving the assessment of nonverbal aspects of behavior.     

Amnesia for random shapes following unilateral and bilateral electronvulsive shock therapy.

Three 16-point shapes were shown to 15 patients before undergoing either unilateral or bilateral electroconvulsive therapy. They were then tested for recognition following therapy. The same subjects were similarly tested for recognition memory with no intervening shock. Analysis of variance indicated no significant differential effects of the two methods of electroshock application.     

Aggressive response sets and subtle-obvious MMPI scale distinctions in male offenders

The effects of aggressive and nonaggressive response sets on the MMPI subtle and obvious clinical subscales were investigated. Fifty-eight male prison inmates answered the MMPI as if they were either highly aggressive or highly nonaggressive. The clinical scales with sufficient items in each category were scored for subtle, neutral, and obvious subscales. Inmates successfully feigned aggressiveness on several of the obvious subscales (p = .0056) and one neutral scale; the subtle subscales were not significantly different across groups, consistent with previous research on this population in terms of the resistance of subtle items to these response sets.     

The effects of encoding distinctiveness on retrieval variability in children and adults

To what extent are developmental differences in encoding distinctiveness responsible for differences in retrieval variability? This study examined this question by comparing the effects of different kinds of encoding distinctiveness on the ability of children and adults to reinstate the input environment at retrieval. The critical manipulations involved the use of semantic orienting questions at both encoding and retrieval. Second and fourth (Experiment 1) or fifth (Experiment 2) graders and college adults were given moderately associated word pairs (Knife-Axe) at input. Encoding was free or constrained at input and retrieval. The retrieval questions biased the Same interpretation of the cue as at input (weapon), a uniquely Different interpretation (utensil), or an inappropriate Negative interpretation. Encoding distinctiveness was varied by crossing these manipulations with either picture or word input (Experiment 1) or general or distinctive orienting questions (Experiment 2). The results suggested that encoding distinctiveness and retrieval variability contribute independently to developmental differences in recall.     

AUTHORITY,RULES AND AGGRESSION

Etude inter-nation de L'acquisition de L'obéissance aux autorités et de L'attitude des enfants vis-à-vis des lois, des règies et de L'agression. Le Danemark, la Grèce, L'Italie, L'Inde, le Japon et les Etats-Unis participent à la recherche. Les sujets testés dont le milieu socio-économique est la classe ouvrière ou moyenne, se situent dans le 4^e, 6^e ou 8^e grade scolaire; un échantillon de ces enfants subit en outre une interview. Les moyens techniques ont été élabores pour obtenir des données sur trois types d'attitudes et de comportement: I) un questionnaire portant d'une part sur les attitudes à L'egard des tenants de L'autorite dans le système familial, le système scolaire, L'église, la communauté, la nation, d'autre part, sur les attitudes vis-à-vis des lois et des régies, les conséquences de la non-obéissance, la participation politique, L'apport d'un système au renforcement des règles d'un autre et la réaction a L'autorité injuste; 2) une série d'images à juger conçues pour étudier les attitudes à L'égard de L'agression entre enfants et adultes, enfants et camarades, femmes et hommes. La variable dependante est le comportement en classe des enfants qui participent à la recherche. II est estimé au moyen d'un questionnaire dans lequel les enfants jugent leurs camarades de classe du point de vue de leur obéissance aux normes et aux règies de L'école et de leur conduite antisociale vis-à-vis du maitre et des camarades. Les données sont analysées en fonction des paramètres suivants : statut socio-économique, sexe, niveau scolaire et pays d'origine et les corrélations calculées entre le comportement en classe et les résultats du questionnaire et des images à juger. Des comptes rendus destinés à L'US Office of Education sont en cours de rédaction.