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251.
Lahti M Räikkönen K Wahlbeck K Heinonen K Forsén T Kajantie E Pesonen AK Osmond C Barker DJ Eriksson JG 《Journal of personality disorders》2011,25(5):620-633
This study examined the associations between infant and childhood growth and severe personality disorders. Among 4,689 men and 4,200 women of the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study 1934-1944, 81 men and 68 women had been hospitalized with an ICD (-8, -9, -10) diagnosis of personality disorder in adulthood. Among men, slower gain in BMI between birth and 6 months, faster gain in weight and BMI between 6 months and 1 year, and slower gains in them between 7 and 11 years of age predicted an increased risk of hospitalization for personality disorders. Thinness at 6 months and again at 11 years also showed significant association with personality disorders among men. Among women, slower gain in height between 2 and 7 years predicted hospitalization for personality disorders. Our findings show the importance of early growth as a vulnerability factor of personality disorders severe enough to justify hospitalization. 相似文献
252.
In this paper we argue that the emerging concept of episodic future thought (EFT) is a good candidate for capturing the core mental processes at play when forming an intention. Furthermore, we argue that tapping essential EFT features can be helpful in understanding how statements on the forming of true and false intentions may differ. Specifically, we argue that the processes relevant for constructing a convincing cover‐story (which a guilty suspect needs to mask his criminal intention) will be much less characterized by the typical EFT features. To test our assumption we devised a new experimental set‐up accommodating the main characteristics of intent and allowing for episodic future thought. The combined empirical evidence strongly supports our assumption that EFT is a helpful concept for illuminating the differences that may occur when forming true and false intentions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
253.
The relationship between self‐regulatory capacities and self‐esteem as well as well‐being is examined by a mediation model that views self‐regulation as promoting the development of identity achievement which, in turn, is expected to be associated with well‐being. Among secondary school students (Study 1) identity achievement mediated the association between the self‐regulatory capacity of attention control and self‐esteem. In Study 2 (university students), the mediational effect of identity achievement was found for the relationship between the self‐regulatory capacity of action control and well‐being. Explicit motives moderated this association. In sum, a firm identity enhances well‐being by lending a sense of continuity to one's life. However, explicit motives have a substitution effect by giving direction to life when lacking firm identity commitments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
254.
Anne Mäkikangas Katriina Hyvönen Esko Leskinen Ulla Kinnunen Taru Feldt 《Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology》2011,84(2):327-346
The primary aim of this three‐wave 10‐year follow‐up study was to investigate the intra‐individual change trajectories of job‐related affective well‐being among Finnish managers (n= 402). Job‐related affective well‐being as indicated by anxiety, depression, comfort, and enthusiasm was measured in 1996, 1999, and 2006. The characteristics of the trajectories were sought from experienced career disruptions (i.e., periods of unemployment or lay‐offs) and perceived job insecurity. The growth mixture modelling (GMM) revealed altogether three latent trajectories that differed from each other in their mean levels and regard to changes in job‐related affective well‐being over time: (1) high and improving well‐being (n= 347), (2) decreased well‐being (n= 32), and (3) low and improving well‐being (n= 23). The associations between job‐related affective well‐being trajectories and career disruptions depended upon the timing of the career disruptions. In addition, perceived job insecurity is associated with concurrently decreased occupational well‐being. Overall, the results highlighted both typical and untypical development trajectories of job‐related affective well‐being and related career characteristics. 相似文献
255.
Simola J Kuisma J Oörni A Uusitalo L Hyönä J 《Journal of experimental psychology. Applied》2011,17(2):174-190
Human vision is sensitive to salient features such as motion. Therefore, animation and onset of advertisements on Websites may attract visual attention and disrupt reading. We conducted three eye tracking experiments with authentic Web pages to assess whether (a) ads are efficiently ignored, (b) ads attract overt visual attention and disrupt reading, or (c) ads are covertly attended with distraction showing up indirectly in the reading performance. The Web pages contained an ad above a central text and another ad to the right of the text. In Experiments 1, 2, and 3A the task was to read for comprehension. Experiment 1 examined whether the degree of animation affects attention toward the ads. The results showed that ads were overtly attended during reading and that the dwell times on ads were the longest when the ad above was static and the other ad was animated. In Experiments 2 and 3, the ads appeared abruptly after a random time interval. The results showed that attention (i.e., the time when the eyes first entered an ad) was related to the ad onset time. This happened especially for the ad to the right, indicating that ads appearing close to the text region capture overt attention. In Experiment 3B the participants browsed the Web pages according to their own interest. The study demonstrated that salient ads attract overt visual attention and disrupt reading, but during free browsing, ads were viewed more frequently and for longer time than during reading. 相似文献
256.
Oliver Dickhäuser Marc-André Reinhard Chris Englert 《Social Psychology of Education》2011,14(4):519-528
The importance of performance expectancies for the prediction of regulation of behavior and actual performance has long been
established. Building on theories from the field of social cognition, we suggest that the level of performance expectancies,
as well as the certainty of the expectancy, have a joint influence on an individual’s beliefs and behavior. In two studies
(one cross sectional using a sample of secondary school students and one longitudinal using a sample of university students)
we found that expectancies more strongly predicted persistence, and subsequent performance, the more certain the expectancy
was. This pattern was found even if prior performance was controlled, as in Study 2. The data give an indication that it may
be useful to include certainty as an additional variable in expectancy models. 相似文献
257.
Hannu Räty 《Social Psychology of Education》2011,14(3):347-360
This study set out to explore the contribution of parents’ own school memories to the way they remembered their child’s school
years and took part in his/her schooling. The respondents were a group of academically and vocationally educated fathers and
mothers (N = 326), who participated in a full 9-year follow-up study of their child’s schooling. The parents’ own school memories were
found to direct their recollection of their child’s school years in a selectively and evaluatively consistent way, especially
among the fathers and the vocationally educated parents. For example, the parents with negative recollections tended to help
their child to prepare for tests more frequently than parents with more positive recollections did. Parental school memories
seem to function like a general educational attitude in that they relate widely to the parents’ perceptions and actions concerning
their child’s schooling. 相似文献
258.
The present study aimed to contribute to research on sense of coherence (SOC) by answering the following questions: (1) Is SOC lowered by negative life events? (2) Is an initially low or moderate SOC lowered more by negative life events than an initially high SOC? One thousand and twelve female nurses in Sweden responded to a questionnaire on two occasions with more than 1 year apart. On both occasions the participants reported if they have experienced any of 22 negative life events during the past year and rated their SOC. The results gave negative answers to both questions. In addition, SOC was found stable over time and seems to prevent the experience of negative life events. In sum, these results corroborate Antonovsky’s main postulate that SOC is a salutogenic disposition. 相似文献
259.
Sensorimotor synchronization is a crucial function for human daily activities, which relies on the ability of predicting external
events. Synchronization performance, as assessed in finger-tapping (FT) tasks, is characterized by an anticipation tendency,
as the tap generally precedes the pacing event. This synchronization error (SE) depends on many factors, in particular on
the features of the pacing stimulus. Interest is growing in the facilitation effect that action observation has on motor execution.
So far, neuroimaging and neurophysiology studies of motor priming via action observation have mainly employed tasks requiring
single action instances. The impact of action observation on motor synchronization to periodic stimuli has not yet been tested;
to this aim, a synchronization FT task may be an eligible probing task. The purpose of this study was to characterize a biological
pacer at the behavioral level and provide information for those interested in studying the brain processes of continuous observation/execution
coupling in timed actions using FT tasks. We evaluated the influence of the biological appearance of a pacer (a tapping finger)
on SE, when compared to an abstract, kinematically equivalent pacer (a tilting hinged bar) and a more standard stimulus (a
pulsating dot). We showed that the continuous visual display of a biological pacer yields comparable results to the abstract
pacer, and a more robust performance and larger anticipations than a traditional pulsating stimulus. 相似文献
260.
Kaakinen JK Hyönä J Viljanen M 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2011,64(7):1372-1387
In the study, 33 participants viewed photographs from either a potential homebuyer's or a burglar's perspective, or in preparation for a memory test, while their eye movements were recorded. A free recall and a picture recognition task were performed after viewing. The results showed that perspective had rapid effects, in that the second fixation after the scene onset was more likely to land on perspective-relevant than on perspective-irrelevant areas within the scene. Perspective-relevant areas also attracted longer total fixation time, more visits, and longer first-pass dwell times than did perspective-irrelevant areas. As for the effects of visual saliency, the first fixation was more likely to land on a salient than on a nonsalient area; salient areas also attracted more visits and longer total fixation time than did nonsalient areas. Recall and recognition performance reflected the eye fixation results: Both were overall higher for perspective-relevant than for perspective-irrelevant scene objects. The relatively low error rates in the recognition task suggest that participants had gained an accurate memory for scene objects. The findings suggest that the role of bottom-up versus top-down factors varies as a function of viewing task and the time-course of scene processing. 相似文献