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111.
Within a 3 × 3 matrix of 90° corner junctions, detection of a Kanizsa-type square is facilitated when the target display is
preceded by a 40-Hz flickering premask of 3 × 3 crosses, with four crosses synchronously oscillating at the subsequent target
location. To examine whether this ‘synchrony-priming’ effect is influenced by, or dependent on, visuo-spatial attention, a
spatial-cueing manipulation was introduced. Observers were presented with a visual or acoustic cue which indicated the likely
target quadrant. The main finding was that synchrony priming was larger for invalidly, compared with validly, cued locations,
and that the priming effect was figural, rather than spatial, in nature (i.e., confined to points associated with the completed
boundary, rather than extending to the inner region, defined by the synchronous premask elements). This pattern of effects
argues that target processing is expedited not by attracting spatial attention to the primed location, but by the prime expediting
(figure-specific) target encoding, as a result of which the target position gains a processing and selection advantage relative
to non-primed locations. 相似文献
112.
Three experiments examined reaction time (RT) performance in visual pop-out search. Search displays comprised of one color target and two distractors which were presented at 24 possible locations on a circular ellipse. Experiment 1 showed that re-presentation of the target at a previous target location led to expedited RTs, whereas presentation of the target at a distractor location led to slowed RTs (relative to target presentation at a previous empty location). RTs were also faster when the color of the target was the same across consecutive trials, relative to a change of the target’s color. This color priming was independent of the positional priming. Experiment 2 revealed larger positional facilitation, relative to Experiment 1, when position repetitions occurred more likely than chance level; analogously, Experiment 3 revealed stronger color priming effects when target color repetitions were more likely. These position and color manipulations did not change the pattern of color (Experiment 2) and positional priming effects (Experiment 3). While these results support the independency of color and positional priming effects (e.g., Maljkovic and Nakayama in Percept Psychophys 58:977–991, 1996), they also show that these (largely ‘automatic’) effects are top-down modulable when target position and color are predictable (e.g., Müller et al. in Vis Cogn 11:577–602, 2004). 相似文献
113.
114.
When two targets (T1 and T2) are inserted into a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream of nontargets, observers are impaired at identifying T2 when it is presented within half a second after T1. This transient drop in performance, or attentional blink (AB), has been attributed to a temporary unavailability of task-critical processing resources. In the present study, we investigated how object-based attention modulates the AB, by presenting four synchronized RSVP streams in the corners of two rectangular bars (e.g., one above and one below fixation). The results from four experiments revealed that the AB increased within short temporal lags (of up to ~400 msec) when T2 was presented on the same, rather than a different, bar as T1 (with T1–T2 spatial distance controlled for). Thus, the AB is seen to spread across entire object groupings, suggesting that the spatiotemporal resolution of attention is modulated by global-object information. 相似文献
115.
H. Shmuel Erlich Mira Erlich-Ginor Hermann Beland 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2009,90(4):809-825
In July 2007, the International Psychoanalytic Congress convened for the first time since the war in the former Nazi capital, Berlin. An open large group forum was held at this meeting, where attendees (Jewish, German and others) had the opportunity to explore the emotional aspects stirred up by being in Berlin. Hundreds of people participated in the event and described it as the 'heart of the Congress'. We examine several aspects of the event, including the passions stirred, the containment of the setting, and the voices present and absent. 相似文献
116.
117.
Harald Hannerz Karen Albertsen Martin Lindhardt Nielsen Finn Tuchsen Hermann Burr 《Health psychology》2004,23(3):283-288
This study explored whether factors related to the work environment could predict changes in body mass index (BMI) and whether the effect of psychosocial factors was dependent on baseline BMI. The sample consisted of 1,980 male employees from the Danish National Work Environment Cohort Study. Changes in BMI between 1995 and 2000 were analyzed, by multiple regression, as a function of background variables and a series of occupational variables obtained in 1995. Age, baseline BMI, job insecurity, and psychological demands predicted changes in BMI. Job insecurity and high or low psychological demands increased the likelihood of weight gain among obese employees, whereas they increased the likelihood of weight loss among employees with a low BMI. 相似文献
118.
Strobach T Frensch P Müller H Schubert T 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2012,19(1-2):222-247
Impaired dual-task performance in younger and older adults can be improved with practice. Optimal conditions even allow for a (near) elimination of this impairment in younger adults. However, practice effects under these conditions in older adults are unknown. Further, it is open, how changed task scheduling and/ or the acquisition of task coordination skills affect the temporal overlap of two tasks in different age groups; this overlap indicate the involvement of these practice-related mechanisms to compensate for impaired dual-task performance. In a dual-task situation of Schumacher et al. (2001 , Psychological Science, 12, 230) including optimal conditions for dual-task performance, both younger and older adults were able to achieve an improvement in dual-task performance with 8 practice sessions to the same degree. The temporal task overlap changed similarly in both age groups during these sessions demonstrating a similar degree of the involvement of compensation mechanisms in younger and older adults. At the end of practice, however, we showed that older adults do not achieve the same optimized dual-task performance level of younger adults. 相似文献
119.
Ulf H. Schnabel Michael Hegenloh Hermann J. Müller Michael Zehetleitner 《Behavior research methods》2013,45(3):696-701
Electromagnetic motion-tracking systems have the advantage of capturing the tempo-spatial kinematics of movements independently of the visibility of the sensors. However, they are limited in that they cannot be used in the proximity of electromagnetic field sources, such as computer monitors. This prevents exploiting the tracking potential of the sensor system together with that of computer-generated visual stimulation. Here we present a solution for presenting computer-generated visual stimulation that does not distort the electromagnetic field required for precise motion tracking, by means of a back projection medium. In one experiment, we verify that cathode ray tube monitors, as well as thin-film-transistor monitors, distort electro-magnetic sensor signals even at a distance of 18 cm. Our back projection medium, by contrast, leads to no distortion of the motion-tracking signals even when the sensor is touching the medium. This novel solution permits combining the advantages of electromagnetic motion tracking with computer-generated visual stimulation. 相似文献
120.
A series of visual search experiments explored whether early visual processes are sensitive to the overall shape of objects. Previous work (Wolfe & Bennett, 1997) has suggested that information concerning overall shape is not coded in early vision. However, in Experiment 1, we demonstrate that these previous findings are explicable in terms of non-target heterogeneity rather than an absence of shape information in early vision. In Experiments 2 and 3, we demonstrate that shape similarity, rather than individual contour similarity, can determine search efficiency. In Experiments 4 and 5, we show that manipulating the contrast polarity of contours and defining shape using texture significantly impeded search for an odd-one-out shape. The implications of these results for shape processing in early vision are discussed. 相似文献