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191.
The authors present a model that explains how subordinates perceive the power of their supervisors and the causal mechanisms by which these perceptions translate into subordinate outcomes. Drawing on identity and resource-dependence theories, the authors propose that supervisors have power over their subordinates when they control resources needed for the subordinates' enactment and maintenance of current and desired identities. The joint effect of perceptions of supervisor power and supervisor intentions to provide such resources leads to 4 conditions ranging from highly functional to highly dysfunctional: confirmation, hope, apathy, and progressive withdrawal. Each of these conditions is associated with specific outcomes such as the quality of the supervisor-subordinate relationship, turnover, and changes in the type and centrality of various subordinate identities. 相似文献
192.
Effect size and power in assessing moderating effects of categorical variables using multiple regression: a 30-year review 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The authors conducted a 30-year review (1969-1998) of the size of moderating effects of categorical variables as assessed using multiple regression. The median observed effect size (f(2)) is only .002, but 72% of the moderator tests reviewed had power of .80 or greater to detect a targeted effect conventionally defined as small. Results suggest the need to minimize the influence of artifacts that produce a downward bias in the observed effect size and put into question the use of conventional definitions of moderating effect sizes. As long as an effect has a meaningful impact, the authors advise researchers to conduct a power analysis and plan future research designs on the basis of smaller and more realistic targeted effect sizes. 相似文献
193.
Previous studies of the navigational abilities of nonhuman primates have largely been limited to what could be described by
a human observer with a pen and paper. Consequently, we have developed a system that uses a pair of cameras to automatically
obtain the three-dimensional trajectory of rhesus monkeys performing an outdoor spatial navigation and memory task. The system
provides trajectories, path length, speed, and other variables that would be impossible for an unaided observer to note. From
trajectory data, we computed and validated a path-length measurement. We use this measurement to compare the navigation abilities
of several animals. In addition, we provide quantitative data on the accuracy of a method for automatic behavior detection.
Currently, the system is being used to examine the sex differences in spatial navigation of rhesus monkeys. We expect that
measures derived from the trajectory data will reveal strategies used by animals to solve spatial problems. 相似文献
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197.
Keith C. Herman 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1993,72(1):29-32
Clinicians frequently cite theoretical orientation and training as the central aspects of therapist competence: however, research has indicated that neither is predictive of therapy outcome. Instead, nonspecific factors such as therapist personal characteristics may be the primary determinants of successful outcome. A redefinition of therapist competence is necessary to complement the continued search for significant predictors of therapy outcome. 相似文献
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Keith C. Herman Yu Bi Lindsay A. Borden Wendy M. Reinke 《Journal of child and family studies》2012,21(3):391-402
Describing co-occurring symptom patterns among children in nonwestern contexts may have important implications for how emotional
and behavior problems are defined, conceptualized, studied, and ultimately prevented. A latent profile analysis (LPA) was
conducted on the co-occurring psychiatric symptoms of 196 Chinese children living in poverty. Child depression, anxiety, aggression,
and self-esteem scores were used as indicators in the LPA. Three classes of symptoms best described the symptom presentations
of children in this study. Ninety-one percent of the youth in the sample were assigned to a class without clinically significant
elevations on any symptom index. Six percent fell into an externalizing class, and 3% were assigned to a class with elevated internalizing symptoms. The three
classes met empirical criteria for distinctiveness and were validated against parent- and child-rated family characteristics
and resources. Children in the externalizing class were more likely to experience harsh and neglectful parenting and their
parents were more likely to report avoidant coping styles. In addition to some parenting behaviors (overprotection and low
parental support), internalizing symptoms were uniquely associated with low levels of education, housing, economic, and social
resources. Implications for preventive interventions are discussed. 相似文献
200.
Journal of Academic Ethics - In the past two decades, individual explanations of scientific misconduct (‘bad apples’) have increasingly given way to systemic explanations (‘bad... 相似文献