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131.
This work presents a critical analysis of Pavlov's influence that goes beyond the conventional view: that which reduces his influence in American psychology to the behaviorism of Watson and Hull. In order to understand the nature of the Russian physiologist's influence in American psychology, we propose a distinction between three approaches to it: 1) the symbolic approach, on representing a model of the possibility of constructing an objective psychology; 2) the methodological approach, given the importance of the technique of conditional reflexes; and 3) the theoretical approach, which is derived from his theory of higher nervous activity. This perspective permits us to suggest that most of Pavlov's influence on behaviorism was of a symbolic and methodological nature--though the methodological influence also reached other authors that did not belong to the behaviorist traditions, as was the case of Mateer. As far as the theoretical influence is concerned, our work proposes that it is more visible in authors such as Gantt and Liddell, or even in authors such as Boldirev, Director of the Pavlovian Laboratory at the Battle Creek Sanitarium in Michigan. The case of Gantt is especially interesting because, in addition to his important contributions, he played an essential role in the foundation of the Pavlovian Society, and the journal Conditional Reflex. What our work proposes is that to understand the nature of Pavlov's influence in American psychology it is necessary to take into account the very characteristics of that psychology: its pragmatic interests, its methodological rigor, the dominant systems of neo-behavioral theory and the changes that occurred after the Second World War. 相似文献
132.
The nature of the association between anger and 5 appraisal-action tendency components--goal obstacle, other accountability, unfairness, control, and antagonism--was examined in terms of specificity, necessity, and sufficiency. In 2 studies, participants described recently experienced unpleasant situations in which 1 of the appraisal-action tendency components was present or absent and indicated which emotions they had experienced. The results showed that (a) other accountability and arrogant entitlement, as an instance of unfairness, are specific appraisals ability for anger; and most important, (b) none of the components is necessary or sufficient for anger. The findings suggest that the relation between emotions and appraisal-action tendency components should be conceptualized instead as a contingent association, meaning that they usually co-occur. 相似文献
133.
In previous investigations we documented that people use several strategies to determine different numerosities of blocks that are presented in a square grid. One of these strategies is the clever subtraction strategy, wherein the number of empty squares in the grid is subtracted from the total number of squares in the grid. In the present study we investigated participants' flexibility in strategy use when varying the shape of the grid. Analysis of the results in terms of the theoretical framework of Lemaire and Siegler (1995) regarding strategic change shows that this contextual variable affected the frequency, execution time, and accuracy of subjects' use of the subtraction strategy. The usefulness of this framework for analyzing the nature of the adaptation to contextual variations is discussed. From a methodological point of view, this study documents the potential of Beem's (1993, 1999) segmented linear regression models for assessing subjects' strategy use in cognitive tasks. 相似文献
134.
In search of the minimal requirements for transitive reasoning, a simple neural network was trained and tested on the non-verbal
version of the conventional "five-term-series task" – a paradigm used with human adults, children and a variety of non-human
species. The transitive performance of the network was analogous in several aspects to that reported for children and animals.
The three effects usually associated with transitive choices i.e. "symbolic distance", "lexical marking" and "end-anchor",
were also clearly shown by the neural network. In a second experiment, where the training conditions were manipulated, the
network failed to match the behavioural pattern reported for human adults in the test following an ordered presentation of
the premises. However, it mimicked young children's performance when tested with a novel comparison term. Although we do not
intend to suggest a new model of transitive inference, we conclude, in line with other authors, that a simple error-correcting
rule can generate transitive behaviour similar to the choice pattern of children and animals in the binary form of the five-term-series
task without requiring high-order logical or paralogical abilities. The analysis of the training history and of the final
internal structure of the network reveals the associative strategy employed. However, our results indicate that the scope
of the associative strategy used by the network might be limited. The extent to which the conventional five-term-series task,
in absence of appropriate manipulations of training and testing conditions, is suitable to detect cognitive differences across
species is also discussed on the basis of our results.
Accepted after revision: 29 May 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献
135.
Following a dramatic change of its reported incidence, it was only recently recognized that acquired crossed aphasia in dextral children represents a highly exceptional phenomenon. We describe in a three epoch time-frame model the aphasic and neurocognitive manifestations of an additional case and focus briefly on its anatomoclinical configurations. In our patient, a right parietal cortico-subcortical hemorrhagic lesion caused an initially severe aphasia. After remission of the global aphasic symptoms in the acute phase, an adynamic output disorder with relatively severe auditory-verbal comprehension disturbances developed. In addition to the adynamia of self-generated speech, formal language investigations performed 3 weeks postonset, revealed agrammatism, hypertonic dysarthria, and dysprosodia. A substantial improvement of the aphasic disorder was objectified 83 days postonset. Neuropsychological investigations disclosed both dominant and nondominant hemisphere dysfunctions. Reassessment of neurocognitive functions after a 10-year period evidenced discrete residual anomia, confined to visual confrontational naming and a discrete visuo-perceptual syndrome. Given the posterior localization of the lesion, the syndrome shift from global to predominantly adynamic aphasia represents a finding beyond the plausible anatomoclinical expectations holding in general for the uncrossed, classic types of childhood and adult aphasia. As the first representative of crossed aphasia in dextral children with an anomalous lesion-aphasia profile, our case provides evidence to enrich the discussion on lateralization and intrahemispherical organization of language functions in both childhood and adult aphasia. 相似文献
136.
Lonstein JS De Vries GJ 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2001,115(1):53-61
Pair-bonded prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) are biparental after the birth of pups. However, whereas most adult virgin males are parental, most virgin females are not. In 6 experiments, influences on the parental behavior of virgin female prairie voles were examined. It was found that (a) young virgin females were more maternal than older females, (b) the postweaning sex ratio of cage-mates did not affect females' responses to pups, (c) females raised to adulthood with their parents and younger siblings present were highly parental, (d) 48-hr exposure to pups beginning at weaning increased some aspects of later maternal responding, (e) rearing to adulthood with the parents even in the absence of younger siblings also increased females' maternal responding, and (f) the increase was seen only if both parents were present. Continued parental presence promotes alloparental behavior, possibly important if daughters do not disperse from the natal nest. 相似文献
137.
138.
139.
Effect of collective self-esteem on ingroup evaluations. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
140.