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321.
Bottlenosed dolphin and human recognition of veridical and degraded video displays of an artificial gestural language 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
L M Herman P Morrel-Samuels A A Pack 《Journal of experimental psychology. General》1990,119(2):215-230
2 bottlenosed dolphins proficient in interpreting gesture language signs viewed veridical and degraded gestures via TV without explicit training. In Exp. 1, dolphins immediately understood most gestures: Performance was high throughout degradations successively obscuring the head, torso, arms, and fingers, though deficits occurred for gestures degraded to a point-light display (PLD) of the signer's hands. In Exp. 2, humans of varying gestural fluency saw the PLD and veridical gestures from Exp. 1. Again, performance declined in the PLD condition. Though the dolphin recognized gestures as accurately as fluent humans, effects of the gesture's formational properties were not identical for humans and dolphin. Results suggest that the dolphin uses a network of semantic and gestural representations, that bottom-up processing predominates when the dolphin's short-term memory is taxed, and that recognition is affected by variables germane to grammatical category, short-term memory, and visual perception. 相似文献
322.
We refine our Boundary Model of the regulation of drug intake and apply it to several examples from cigarette smoking. Our model demands the simultaneous consideration of biological and psychosocial controls. The biological factors include the physiological demand to maintain minimum levels of nicotine, direct rewarding effects of tobacco, and toxic effects of excessive smoking. The psychosocial factors include “voluntary”, self-initiated controls as well as situational influences. In light of the model, we review and consider the problems with techniques commonly used to control smoking, and we discuss the inferential confusions faced by smokers and researchers. 相似文献
323.
Second graders (mean age = 7-8), fourth graders (mean age = 9-8), and sixth graders (mean age = 11-11) walked two paths located in and around their school. Children in the Unsegmented condition estimated the distance and time taken to walk a path that was relatively undifferentiated in terms of the number of qualitatively different areas of the school through which it passed. Children in the Segmented condition made the same estimates for a path that went through different areas (segments) of the school (i.e., cafeteria, hall, vestibule, and outside the building). Children at all three grade levels estimated that the distance traversed in the Segmented condition was longer than the distance in the Unsegmented condition. This difference was not significant on the time measure. It was concluded that (1) paths with a large number of segments are perceived as being longer than paths of the same length with fewer segments, (2) distances along paths with few segments are underestimated, (3) distances along paths with many segments may be overestimated as a function of developmental level, and (4) only younger children may have used time to estimate distance. 相似文献
324.
To test if stressful anticipation of speech situations is a factor in eliciting stuttering behavior, the difference between 24 stutterers and 24 nonstutterers in verbal apprehension and physiologic activity was studied before and during speech tasks (reading and conversation), and nonspeech tasks (motor and intelligence task).Results indicate that the difference between stutterers and nonstutterers mainly were restricted to anxiety ratings assessed after each task. Heart rate, vasomotor responses, and electrodermal activity recorded before and during speech tasks were higher compared with the physiologic activity before and during nonspeech tasks but, unexpectedly, this was also the case for nonstutterers. It is concluded that stuttering is not elicited by anxiety. 相似文献
325.
Herman Buschke 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1968,3(5):331-336
Perception and encoding of item-information about the occurrence of simple, well-known events (numbers) for retrieval by either same-order recall or serial-order recall was investigated by specifying kind of recall to be used either before or after perception and encoding. Both same-order and serial-order recall were less when kind of recall was specified after presentation, but serial-order recall decreased more than same-order recall. These results indicate that the same numbers may be perceived differently for same-order or serial-order recall: different kinds of item-information may be encoded either in terms of presentation characteristics (serial position for same-order recall) or event characteristics (ordinal position for serial-order recall). 相似文献
326.
Educable adolescent male retardates were compared with normal males of equal CA and equal MA on a visual backward masking task. Significantly shorter interstimulus intervals were required to induce a masking effect in the equal-CA group than in the retarded and equal-MA groups, who did not differ from each other. Speed of visual processing is a function of MA. It is related to CA in normals. and to IQ when retardates are compared with equal-CA normals. 相似文献
327.
Herman Vetter 《Synthese》1971,23(2-3):226-233
Summary Inductivism is understood as the explication of the degree of confirmation as conditional logical probability. Inductivism is not recommendable in the form of Carnap's -system, but tenable in the form of Bayesianism. Objections directed at it are either irrelevant or can be taken account of within Bayesianism. 相似文献
328.
329.
Herman A. Witkin Douglass Price-Williams Mario Bertini Bjrn Christiansen Philip K. Oltman Manuel Ramirez Jacques van Meel 《International journal of psychology》1974,9(1):11-29
This study examined the role of socialization experiences in the development of psychological differentiation. In each of three countries (Holland, Italy, Mexico) two villages were selected as presenting a contrasting picture with regard to degree of emphasis on conformity to family, religious and political authority. It was hypothesized that within the pair of villages in each country children from the village which stressed social conformity would tend to be more field dependent and show other signs of less developed differentiation than children from the village in which social conformity was less emphasized. In each of the six villages approximately 100 children (boys and girls, aged 9–11 and 13–15) were studied. Differentiation was assessed by a battery of tests of field-dependence-independence and the figure-drawing test. In every comparison of mean test scores between pairs of villages, in each of the three countries, children from the village in which social conformity was stressed obtained scores reflecting less differentiated functioning. Village differences were significant for every measure of differentiation in all three countries. Addition alanalyses of the data from the tests of differentiation and other tests used yielded results essentially consistent with findings from previous studies. 相似文献
330.
John E Taplin Herman Staudenmayer Judith L Taddonio 《Journal of experimental child psychology》1974,17(2):360-373
This study investigated reasoning with abstract conditional sentences as a function of age. Subjects from third-grade to eleventh-grade were required to evaluate the conclusion of several conditional arguments. The results confirmed the previously established finding that performance improves with age, particularly between 11 and 15 years. This finding could be interpreted to indicate that individuals become more logical as they get older. However, another possible interpretation is that the meaning of a conditional sentence like pthenq for naive Ss may not always be given by the truth function pq true, false, true, and true. Further analysis suggested that at 9 years individuals treat the connective in the sentence, ifpthenq, as if it were either a conjunctive or a biconditional, that the conjunctive meaning disappears with increasing age and after 13 years is gradually superceded by the conditional. 相似文献