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121.
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Simon, Acosta, and Mewaldt (1975) reported an experiment in which a 200-Hz warning-tone, presented in the left or right ear, was followed by an imperative stimulus of 500 Hz in either ear, to which a left- or right-key press was to be made. Simon et al. found a correspondence effect for warning location and response location (i.e., faster reactions when warning and response locations corresponded than when they did not) when the stimulus-response mapping was incompatible but not when it was compatible. These findings stand in contrast to typical results of (1) a correspondence effect for irrelevant location information when the mapping is compatible and (2) a reversed correspondence effect (i.e., faster responses when stimulus and response location do not correspond) when the mapping is incompatible. We conducted a direct replication of Simon et al.’s experiment and another experiment that differed only in the imperative stimulus being visual, in order to determine whether there are unique aspects of their method that yield atypical results. Our results failed to replicate those reported by Simon et al. but instead showed the patterns of correspondence effects typically found with other procedures, suggesting that the warning-signal method produces irrelevant-location effects consistent with those produced by other methods. 相似文献
124.
Herbert Schnadelbach 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》1998,1(1):3-14
This outline of the transformations of the concept of reason is based on the idea that this can be presented/illustrated by means of a historical sketch of the criticism of reason, because all essential differentiations in that concept can be understood as consequences of critical arguments. In Kant's work, the Critique of Speculative Reason reaches its first conclusion; it was followed by a Critique of Critical Reason by Hegel and his followers, and Schopenhauer established a new type of critical argument: the Critique of Functional Reason which dominates the radical criticism of reason in our time. This radical criticism is the great challenge for the philosophy of reason today. 相似文献
125.
Chase and Simon's chunking theory of expert memory, which emphasizes the role of pattern recognition in problem solving,
has attracted much attention in cognitive psychology. Holding advanced a series of criticisms that, taken together, purported
to refute the theory. Two valid criticisms – that chunk size and LTM encoding were underestimated – are dealt with by a simple
extension of the theory. The remainder of Holding's criticisms either are not empirically founded or are based on a misunderstanding
of the chunking theory and its role in a comprehensive theory of skill. Holding's alternative SEEK theory, which emphasizes
the role of search, lacks key mechanisms that could be implemented by the type of pattern recognition proposed by Chase and
Simon.
Received: 3 September 1997 / Accepted: 28 January 1998 相似文献
126.
When one half of a randomly contoured pattern is displaced in one of four directions between successive exposures, Ss are capable of discriminating the direction of the displacement. Accuracy of discriminating decreases as a function of the relative displacement within the pattern, independent of the visual angle subtended by the pattern. Supplementary data suggest that Ss are unrealistically confident in the accuracy of their discrimination. The results demonstrate that identification of specific contours is not necessary for the discrimination of motion and suggest that some type of correlational process is employed by the visual system in dealing with spatially and temporally displaced patterns. 相似文献
127.
128.
This paper describes an information-processing model, MAPP, implemented as a computer program, that simulates the processes subjects use to remember and reproduce chess positions they have seen briefly. The model incorporates processes adapted from PERCEIVER, an information-processsing theory of eye movements in chess perception, and EPAM, a theory of rote verbal learning. The data from MAPP show good agreement with the performance of strong chess players in identical tasks. 相似文献
129.
The design and operation of an improved olfactometer for behavioral and physiological investigation1
An improved olfactometer is described, and its range of application for the study of the olfaction in man is discussed. The apparatus is based on air dilution; an odorant is diluted in a constant-flowing stream of air. The odor-containing air flows to S, who is seated in an enclosed partition with his head in a Plexiglas hood. A visual signal system allows communication between E and S. Precision flowmeters, solenoid valves, one-way floats, and an automated control system permit E to select rapidly a large range of stimuli, stimulus concentrations, and trial lengths. The apparatus has been used in a variety of situations ranging from absolute threshold detection to adaptation and recovery. 相似文献
130.
Herbert L. Meiselman 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1968,4(4):193-196
Magnitude estimations of 15-sec intervals were obtained during 2-min and 5-min adaptation of suprathreshold solutions of NaCl. quinine sulfate (QSO4, and sucrose. Expectorating and adding fresh adapting solution at the end ofeach minute produced higher estimations than those obtained with continuous adaptation because of salivary dilution. Separation of the adaptation determinations by 45-sec rest intervals rather than 5 min had no effect on the form or magnitude of the functions for NaCl or sucrose, although QSO4. adaptations separated by the shorter rest intervals were of greater magnitude. The absence of complete adaptation was largely attributed to the effects of tongue movements. 相似文献