Cation and anion contributions to gustatory quality of simple salts

Curves of mean percentages of the four gustatory quality responses as a function of concentration of solutions of LiCl, KCl, lithium sulfate, and potassium sulfate were evaluated as to the relative contributions of the cation and anion to the quality. It was concluded that chloride ion, and sulfate ion to a lesser degree, were responsible for the salty quality. In the mid-range concentrations, potassium ion was responsible for the bitter quality, and lithium ion, by means of an ion-soliient interaction; was responsible for the sour quality reported. At the very low concentrations, at which all salts tested evoked sweet responses, a structure produced by a solvent-cation interaction was assumed to be responsible. The details of the presumed structure are still to be clarified. Although one ion in each salt is primarily responsible for a particular quality over a given concentration, the other ion usually modifies the effect.     

Cortical steady-potential shifts in conditioning

Cortical steady-potential shifts obtained from nonpolarizing electrodes chronically implanted in freely moving cats and rats reveal cortical activation related to urgency of response to unconditional and conditional stimuli. Such shifts appear relatively independent of activation in the rhythmic electrocorticogram and are related to higher levels of activation. Shifting is found to be modulated by drive and level of learning, suggesting a correlation with the proposed reaction potential of Hull. Both approach and avoidance “urgency” are reflected in the onset slope and amplitude of SP shifts in a manner suggesting modulation of cortical activation by the effects of behavioral regulation of stimulus conditions.     

The effects of coding procedure on human information transmission

Three different coding schemes, i.e., transformations between stimuli and responses, were used in a continuous information transmission situation. The stimuli were groups of binary digits and S was required to transform these into verbal equivalents of combinations formed by taking various sets of the English letters. Three codes, one based on communication theory, one based on Miller’s (1956) chunking hypothesis, and a combination of the first two were used. In addition, two levels of stimulus redundancy, zero and 0.5 were used. Time to complete the task and errors were the de-pendent variables. The Ss were run for twelve days. The basic result was that Ss transmitted information at a constant rate regardless of the code or redundancy level used.     

A comparison of two psychophysical methods using animals

A discrimination box containing two levers with a light above each was used to train eight rats to press beneath the brighter light for a milk reinforcer. The brighter light was held constant and the comparison light was varied to produce 12 brightness differences. The animals were run under two experimental methods: the block method in which each brightness level comparison was presented for a block of 11 contiguous trials, and the staircase method in which the sequence of brightness comparisons was determined by the correctness of the response on the preceding comparison. The block method produced a smaller differential brightness threshold and a larger change in discrimination performance for stimulus magnitude changes than did the staircase method.     

Information and the memory span

Messages differing in number of symbols and symbol information load were presented tachistoscopically to 4 adult Ss. The messages were constructed by random drawing with replacement from an alphabet of 8 black form symbols and an alphabet of 32 colored form symbols. The number of symbols recalled varied as a function of alphabet; however, the information in recall was constant for all conditions. The number of symbols recalled and the information in recall was independent of message length.     

Variability in gustatory quality identification

A total of 60 male and 60 female non-smoking undergraduates were tested on two gustatory screening tasks in which solutions representing the four basic taste qualities were used. The solution concentrations chosen were low, but supposedly distinct as to their qualities. Only 16% of the males were able to identify all solutions correctly, i.e., to a criterion of 4 correct out of 7 presentations, as compared to 34% of the females. A further 28% of the males consistently confused the sour and bitter qualities as did 10% of the females. A correction procedure used in one part of the experiment did not prevent this confusion. We suggest that the sour-bitter confusion may be the gustatory analogue of abnormal color vision.     

Über den Zusammenhang zwischen Tüchtigkeit und Beliebtheit in Schulklassen

Zusammenfassung Es wurde an fünf Schulen ein hoher Zusammenhang zwischen Tüchtigkeit und Beliebtheit aufgezeigt, der mit steigendem Alter der Schüler allmählich absinkt.Relativ häufig sind die Tüchtigsten und die Beliebtesten in Schulklassen identisch; ein Zusammenhang mit dem Alter ist hierbei nicht nachzuweisen.Noch häufiger sind Beliebtheits- und Tüchtigkeitsstars identisch; in den unteren Klassen sind diese Identitäten signifikant zahlreicher als in den oberen Klassen.Die hohe Korrelation zwischen Tüchtigkeit und Beliebtheit kann nicht auf mangelnde Differenzierungsfähigkeit der Kinder zurückgeführt werden. Sie steht auch nicht im Zusammenhang mit dem Ranggradienten, der in allen Klassen relativ groß war.Wir sind Fräulein cand. phil. H. Heggemann für Erhebung und Auswertung eines Teils unseres Materials zu Dank verpflichtet⁶.     

God and free speech: A quaker perspective on the Satanic Verses controversy

This paper offers a Quaker perspective on the issues raised for British society by the Satanic Verses controversy. It is argued that the Quaker rejection of coercive power is founded upon the story of Jesus Christ. The origins of Quaker attitudes to free speech are located in seventeenth‐century Puritanism, arguing that Quakers share with Western secular defenders of free speech an internalization of the blasphemy taboo which issues in intolerance of anything held sacred. Furthermore, free speech rhetoric tends to ignore the power relations which sustain free speech in particular contexts. This is a neglect which, coupled with a secularized theory of race relations that ignores religious factors, renders its protagonists incapable of addressing anti‐Islamic prejudice, a phenomenon illustrated from press coverage of the controversy. The implications of this argument for British society and Quakers in particular are then considered. It is argued that an extension of legislation covering incitement to racial hatred to religion is the most appropriate legal response, but the greatest need is educational. Quakers and other Christian groups need to develop their own theological response to avoid passively replicating the dominant view in society.