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921.
Coral Dando Rachel Wilcock Rebecca Milne Lucy Henry 《Applied cognitive psychology》2009,23(5):698-716
The current investigative interviewing model for police officers in England and Wales recommends the use of the cognitive interview (CI). However, there is much to suggest that police officers do not regularly fully apply the procedure and that when they do, it is often poorly applied. Research has indicated that this is particularly the case with non‐specialist police investigators who believe the CI is too cumbersome, complex and time consuming for the types of witness interviews they conduct. With this in mind the present study investigated a CI procedure that had been substantially modified in an attempt to enhance its forensic practicability while retaining the demonstrated superiority of the CI. Employing the mock witness paradigm, the modified procedure was compared to both the current CI model and a structured interview (SI). Results revealed that the modified CI was more effective than the SI, while being as effective as the current CI, despite being significantly shorter in duration and, we argue, less demanding for the interviewer. Hence, the proposed modified CI may well be an effective practical alternative for frontline investigators. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
922.
Christine M. Will Peter G. Rendell Sesil Ozgis Jane M. Pierson Ben Ong Julie D. Henry 《Applied cognitive psychology》2009,23(6):804-812
Prospective memory, or remembering future intentions, is critical for independent living for all ages, but especially older adults. Previous laboratory research has found that cognitively impaired older adults may have particular difficulties with prospective memory, but previous studies have not examined whether these difficulties occur in everyday life. In normal ageing, a dissociation between settings has been observed, with older adults selectively impaired in laboratory (but not naturalistic) contexts. Consequently, in the present study 15 cognitively impaired older adults were compared to demographically matched controls on laboratory and naturalistic measures of prospective memory. The results indicated that the cognitively impaired group performed more poorly on both measures, with the magnitude of the deficit comparable across setting. These results indicate that for older adults who present with cognitive impairment prospective memory deficits observed in laboratory settings may be a valid indicator of difficulties experienced executing delayed intentions in everyday life. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
923.
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925.
Lisa Geraci Mark A. McDaniel Isabel Manzano Henry L. Roediger 《Memory & cognition》2009,37(2):175-180
We examined whether memory for distinctive events is influenced by aging. To do so, we used a semantic isolation paradigm
in which people show superior memory for a word when it is presented in a list of items from a different semantic category
(e.g., the word table is presented in a list of all bird exemplars) as compared with when the same word (table) is presented in a list of unrelated words. Results showed that both younger and older adults demonstrated an isolation effect
in memory, although older adults showed a numerically smaller isolation effect than did younger adults. Results suggest that
in contrast with previous findings (Cimbalo & Brink, 1982), older adults can take advantage of this type of distinctiveness
to aid memory performance. 相似文献
926.
The effects of “effort after meaning” on recall: Differences in within- and between-subjects designs
In four experiments, we examined free recall of ambiguous sentences with or without corresponding cues to facilitate comprehension,
using Auble and Franks’s (1978) paradigm to examine effort after meaning (Bartlett, 1932). The ambiguous sentences were studied
without cues, with cues meaningfully embedded in them, with cues provided shortly before the sentence (precue), or with cues
following the sentence after several seconds (delayed cue). When these conditions were manipulated within subjects, the process
of cue integration in the pre- and delayed-cue conditions enhanced recall, relative to the no-cue and embedded-cue conditions.
Furthermore, in a test condition in which subjects first attempted to recall the cues alone, recall was also best in the delayed-cue
condition. The effects described above did not occur when the cue presentation conditions varied between subjects, and on
a test of order reconstruction, there was even an advantage for sentences studied in the embedded-cue condition over those
studied in the delayed-cue condition. The dissociative effects of experimental design on sentence recall and order reconstruction
suggest that effort after meaning might enhance memory for study items at the cost of impairing memory for temporal order
information. 相似文献
927.
Andres De Los Reyes David B. Henry Patrick H. Tolan Lauren S. Wakschlag 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(5):637-652
Prior work has not tested the basic theoretical notion that informant discrepancies in reports of children’s behavior exist,
in part, because different informants observe children’s behavior in different settings. We examined patterns of observed
preschool disruptive behavior across varying social contexts in the laboratory and whether they related to parent-teacher
rating discrepancies of disruptive behavior in a sample of 327 preschoolers. Observed disruptive behavior was assessed with
a lab-based developmentally sensitive diagnostic observation paradigm that assesses disruptive behavior across three interactions
with the child with parent and examiner. Latent class analysis identified four patterns of disruptive behavior: (a) low across
parent and examiner contexts, (b) high with parent only, (c) high with examiner only, and (d) high with parent and examiner. Observed disruptive behavior specific to the parent and examiner contexts were uniquely related to parent-identified
and teacher-identified disruptive behavior, respectively. Further, observed disruptive behavior across both parent and examiner
contexts was associated with disruptive behavior as identified by both informants. Links between observed behavior and informant
discrepancies were not explained by child impairment or observed problematic parenting. Findings provide the first laboratory-based
support for the Attribution Bias Context Model (De Los Reyes and Kazdin Psychological Bulletin 131:483–509, 2005), which posits
that informant discrepancies are indicative of cross-contextual variability in children’s behavior and informants’ perspectives
on this behavior. These findings have important implications for clinical assessment, treatment outcomes, and developmental
psychopathology research.
相似文献
Lauren S. WakschlagEmail: |
928.
The conventional wisdom is that racial prejudice remains largely stable through adulthood. However, very little is known about the development of contemporary racial attitudes like symbolic racism. The growing crystallization of symbolic racism through the lifespan is tested using two data sets that measure the stability, consistency, and predictive validity of symbolic racism in samples ranging in age from young adults to the elderly. The results provide evidence that the crystallization of symbolic racism generally takes on a curvilinear trajectory across the lifespan, showing that it is already largely crystallized by voting age, that it continues to crystallize still further through adulthood and that it begins to decline in coherence in late adulthood. The results generally provide evidence confirming early speculations of symbolic racism theorists concerning the crystallization of symbolic racism across the lifespan and are discussed in terms of different theoretical perspectives on the relationship between aging and attitudes more generally. 相似文献
929.
Adel C Najdowski Vardui Chilingaryan Ryan Bergstrom Doreen Granpeesheh Susie Balasanyan Barbara Aguilar Jonathan Tarbox Henry Roane 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(4):827-832
Cummings and Carr (2009) compared two methods of data collection in a behavioral intervention program for children with pervasive developmental disorders: collecting data on all trials versus only the first trial in a session. Results showed that basing a child's progress on first‐trial data resulted in identifying mastery‐level responding slightly sooner, whereas determining mastery based on all trials resulted in slightly better skill maintenance. In the current replication, no such differences in indication of mastery or maintenance were observed when data were collected on all trials or the first trial. 相似文献
930.
Fluctuations of ovarian hormones across the menstrual cycle influence a variety of social and cognitive behaviors in primates.
For example, female rhesus monkeys exhibit heightened interest for males and increased agonistic interactions with other females
during periods of high estrogen levels. In the present study, we hypothesized that females’ preference for males during periods
of high estrogen levels is also expressed at the level of face perception. We tested four intact females on two face-tasks
involving neutral portraits of male and female rhesus monkeys, chimpanzees and humans. In the visual preference task (VP),
monkeys had to touch a button to view a face image. The image remained on the screen as long as the button was touched, and
the duration of pressing was taken as an index of the monkey's looking time for the face stimulus. In the Face-Delayed Recognition
Span Test (Face-DRST), monkeys were rewarded for touching the new face in an increasing number of serially presented faces.
Monkeys were tested 5 days a week across one menstrual cycle. Blood was collected every other day for analysis of estradiol
and progesterone. Two of the four females were cycling at the time of testing. We did not find an influence of the cycle on
Face-DRST, likely due to a floor effect. In the VP however, the two cycling individuals looked longer at conspecific male
faces than female faces during the peri-ovulatory period of the cycle. Such effects were absent for human and chimpanzee faces
and for the two noncycling subjects. These data suggest that ovarian hormones may influence females’ preferences for specific
faces, with heightened preference for male faces during the peri-ovulatory period of the cycle. Heightened interest for stimuli
of significant reproductive relevance during periods of high conception risk may help guide social and sexual behavior in
the rhesus monkey. 相似文献