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81.
A meta-analytic review of prospective memory and aging 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
A meta-analysis of prospective memory (PM) studies revealed that in laboratory settings younger participants outperform older participants on tests of both time- and event-based PM (rs=-.39 and -.34, respectively). Event-based PM tasks that impose higher levels of controlled strategic demand are associated with significantly larger age effects than event-based PM tasks that are supported by relatively more automatic processes (rs=-.40 vs. -.14, respectively). However, contrary to the prevailing view in the literature, retrospective memory as measured by free recall is associated with significantly greater age-related decline (r=-.52) than PM, and older participants perform substantially better than their younger counterparts in naturalistic PM studies (rs=.35 and.52 for event- and time-based PM, respectively). 相似文献
82.
Erroneous knowledge of results (KR) that conflicts with other internal or external information sources is preferentially used and misguides performance on motor and mental timing tasks. Buekers et al. [J. Motor Behavior 26 (1994) 27] hypothesized that KR is used preferentially because participants deem it to be the most reliable information source. We tested this hypothesis in two experiments. We manipulated subjective reliability of information and information content and demonstrated that both reliability and content are assessed and used. In a third experiment we examined whether attributional style affected the use of internal and external information. While KR was present, attributional style was unrelated to performance. However, when erroneous KR was withdrawn, participants who scored high in internal attributional style or high in controllability showed more accurate performance. Whereas evaluation of information quality is explicit, information provided by the KR, whether accurate or not, may influence both implicit and explicit aspects of the tasks. 相似文献
83.
This special section on international perspectives in psychology focuses on population issues and reproductive behavior across national and cultural boundaries, emphasizing the responsibility of psychologists and colleagues in related disciplines to generate and communicate culturally mindful findings likely to shape public health policy and improve human well-being. After considering the historical and policy context, it highlights internationally collaborative research projects in the Czech Republic, Egypt, Mexico, and the United States that address reproductive behavior, women's roles and status, responsible parenthood, and abortion legislation in terms of cultural context, gender equity, the needs of adolescents, and public health policy. The articles illustrate the importance of the cultural context within which psychological research is conducted and how psychology can be informed by international perspectives. 相似文献
84.
The developmental ecology of urban males' youth violence 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Data from a longitudinal study of 294 African American and Latino adolescent boys and their caregivers living in poor urban communities were used to test a developmental-ecological model of violence. Six annual waves of data were applied to evaluate the relations between microsystem influences of parenting and peer deviance (peer violence and gang membership), macrosystem influences of community structural characteristics and neighborhood social organization, and individual involvement in violence (level and growth). Structural equation modeling analyses showed that community structural characteristics significantly predicted neighborhood social processes. Parenting practices partially mediated the relation between neighborhood social processes and gang membership. Parenting practices was fully mediated in its relation to peer violence by gang membership. Gang membership was partially mediated by peer violence level in its relation to individual violence level. Although the overall set of relations does not satisfy mediation requirements fully in all instances, the model was validated for the most part, supporting a focus on a multilevel ecological model of influences on risk development. 相似文献
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Surprisingly, Bartlett's (1932) famous repeated reproduction experiments, in which he found systematically increasing errors in recall from the same people tested over time, have never been successfully replicated. Several studies have attempted partial replications, which were unsuccessful, and their authors concluded that the original observations might not be replicable. We conducted a study modeled closely after Bartlett's procedures: Subjects studied "The War of the Ghosts," took an initial test 15 min later, and then took a delayed test after 1 week. A follow-up test was conducted 6 months later on as many subjects as could be obtained. We did replicate Bartlett's results, in that (1) subjects forgot the story over delays but (2) introduced rationalization and distortion into their accounts of the story, with increases in the proportion of material distorted as retention interval increased. Subjects also imported new propositions at long delays, further confirming Bartlett's empirical observations and conclusions. Bartlett's repeated reproduction results can be replicated. 相似文献
87.
An evaluation of response cost in the treatment of inappropriate vocalizations maintained by automatic reinforcement 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Falcomata TS Roane HS Hovanetz AN Kettering TL Keeney KM 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2004,37(1):83-87
In the current study, we examined the utility of a procedure consisting of noncontingent reinforcement with and without response cost in the treatment of inappropriate vocalizations maintained by automatic reinforcement. Results are discussed in terms of examining the variables that contribute to the effectiveness of response cost as treatment for problem behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement. 相似文献
88.
Henry Granada 《Psychologie appliquee》1991,40(2):165-179
La psychologie des Communautés Sociales peut être considérée non seulement comme une approche mais aussi comme un champ d'action prometteur sur la scène colombienne. Le document présent vise à décrire quelques antécédents et le contexte général socio-politique en Colombie, où plusieurs applications de la Psychologie environnementale sociale ont été utilisées pour résoudre les problèmes des communautés. Des considérations théoriques et méthodologiques issues de ces applications seront discutées au travers de trois cas. Enfin, nous présenterons une série de commentaires et de conclusions qui donnent une vision globale des différentes applications données en référence.
Community social psychology can be considered not only an approach but also a promising field of action on the Colombian scene. The aims of the present paper are to describe some of the antecedents and the general socio-political context in Colombia, where several applications of social-environmental psychology have been used to solve community problems. The implied theoretical and methodological considerations of these applications will be discussed in relation to three specific cases. Finally, we will present a number of comments and conclusions that give a global vision of the different applications referred to. 相似文献
Community social psychology can be considered not only an approach but also a promising field of action on the Colombian scene. The aims of the present paper are to describe some of the antecedents and the general socio-political context in Colombia, where several applications of social-environmental psychology have been used to solve community problems. The implied theoretical and methodological considerations of these applications will be discussed in relation to three specific cases. Finally, we will present a number of comments and conclusions that give a global vision of the different applications referred to. 相似文献
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90.