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651.
Although the study of feedback about goal achievement (knowledge of results, KR) has been important for the development principles of augmented information feedback in simple skills, there is reason to question the generalizability of these findings to many common learning situations. A more appropriate type of information for skill learning appears to be augmented kinematic (or kinetic) feedback regarding the movement pattern. The experiments presented here extend recent findings about KR to a paradigm involving kinematic feedback. In Experiment 1, we examined how several kinds of temporal and spatial kinematic information supplement KR in learning. Spatial kinematic variables were more effective than temporal variables, as indicated by performance in a retention test without kinematic feedback. In Experiment 2, we manipulated the schedule of augmented kinematic feedback in a method that paralleled previous KR work. We contrasted averaged schedules of augmented feedback, in which information was given either after every trial or as averaged information after every set of five trials. On retention tests without kinematic feedback given 1 day and 1 week after acquisition, averaged schedules led to enhanced performance over an every-trial format. Together, these results begin to define the variables important in kinematic feedback, and suggest that this feedback may influence learning in ways parallel to KR. 相似文献
652.
Knowledge of results (KR)--information feedback about goal achievement--has been one of the most extensively examined variables in motor learning. In most natural movement learning situations, however, instructors more common]y provide augmented information regarding various kinematic or kinetic aspects of the movement pattern itself (sometimes termed knowledge of performance, KP). But despite the inherent interest in kinematic feedback, several factors reviewed here have operated to inhibit its study, the most important of which has been the lack of a suitable laboratory task and paradigm. The limitations of earlier paradigms have concerned (a) the use of overly simple motor behaviors, probably to minimize the problems in kinematic measurement, (b) the tendency for the environmental goal or the task to be isomorphic with the kinematic pattern, and (c) thc failure to use transfer or retention tests as measures of learning effects of the feedback manipulations. In this article, we describe our efforts to create a new paradigm for kinematic feedback, the rationale for its development, and the details of its operation. Finally, we provide evidence that the task and paradigm are sensitive to manipulations of kinematic feedback, providing some assurance that the paradigm can potentially answer future research questions about the role of kinematic feedback for learning. 相似文献
653.
When a limb is moved from one position to a target object, the limb and the target frequently collide. Often, the goal of the movement is to strike the target with a particular magnitude of impact. For single-aiming movements, impact forces have been shown to increase systematically with both an increased movement amplitude and a decreased movement time, thus providing deceleration to the moving limb. Models of speed-accuracy trade-off, however, have neglected to account for the contribution of these impact forces in the control of accurate movements. The aim of this experiment was to examine the modifications in the control strategy as a function of the amount of impact force a subject is allowed to use in decelerating his or her limb. Results showed that the structure of the acceleration-time functions was dictated by the amount of impact force subjects were allowed to use in decelerating the limb. Movement endpoint variability decreased as more impact force was used. The experiment suggests that the impact with a target is an important contributor to the deceleration of the moving limb and a critical determinant of movement organization. 相似文献
654.
Dynamical substructure of coordinated rhythmic movements. 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
R C Schmidt P J Beek P J Treffner M T Turvey 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》1991,17(3):635-651
A coordinated rhythmic movement pattern is a dynamical activity involving many hidden layers of rhythmic subtasks. To investigate this dynamical substructure, spectroscopic concepts and methods were applied to an interlimb rhythmic movement task requiring 1:1 frequency locking of two hand-held pendulums in 180 degrees phase relation. The pendulums could be of identical or very different dimensions, thereby providing different values of the ratio omega of uncoupled frequencies. Analyses focused on the power spectrum of continuous relative phase as a function of variation in omega. Predictions were derived from the theories of mode locking and fractal time. Experimental results were in agreement with theoretical expectations and were discussed in terms of the possible recruiting of rhythmic subtasks in the assembling of interlimb absolute coordination, the interdependence of these subtasks, and the general dynamical principles that relate coordinative processes occurring at different length and time scales. 相似文献
655.
Meta-analysis was used to cumulate the results from 633 studies of smoking cessation, involving 71,806 subjects, that reported the proportion of successful quits. Self-care methods do not appear to be as effective as formal intervention methods. Instructional programs involving physicians were not more effective than other instructional programs. Conditioning-based techniques such as aversive methods had success rates similar to those of instructional methods, and among the instructional methods, those incorporating social norms and values were more successful than those relying solely on didactic approaches. Cumulation of quit rates from all available control groups indicated that, on average, 6.4% of the smokers could be expected to quit smoking without any intervention. This figure must be subtracted from the raw success rate to obtain the net success rate for each program. Directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
656.
657.
R M Schmidt G Kuppe B Kissig R Ludewig V Neumann 《Psychiatrie, Neurologie, und medizinische Psychologie》1987,39(11):651-661
There are neither specific cell investigations nor immunological tests for the diagnosis of MS. Various immunological alterations occur in the course of the disease, but none is unique to MS. Accurate diagnosis remains confined to the clinical field. The diagnosis can be supported by CSF analysis. Laboratory examinations can help to determine the particular stage of the disease and provide clues to the etiology and pathogenesis. The appearance of abnormal CSF levels increases the certainty of the diagnosis. 相似文献
658.
One important reason for studying visual illusions is that they can influence real-world perception as people interact with human-made displays. Three experiments examined how the Müller-Lyer illusion affects distance judgments and decision-making in the complex graphical context of a map by having subjects estimate the lengths of road segment lines framed by inward-going or outward-going wings in actual maps, in control displays that had the map context removed, and in simulated maps. The experiments showed that (1) outward-going wings led to higher distance estimates than did inward-going wings to the same extent both with and without the map context, (2) decisions based on distances determined from maps were affected by Müller-Lyer elements in the maps, and (3) map readers' measurement behavior influenced the effect of the Müller-Lyer elements in maps. The discussion focuses on how certain display manipulations and task manipulations affect the Müller-Lyer illusion. In addition, the discussion addresses the instances in which using a map might be affected by misestimation due to Müller-Lyer elements. 相似文献
659.
A number of rating systems are available to evaluate emotional communication in a single modality. The main purpose of this study was to develop procedures to train human raters to evaluate posed expressions of emotion across three different channels of communication, i.e., facial, prosodic/intonational, and lexical/verbal. These procedures were used to evaluate posed emotional expressions produced by individuals with unilateral brain lesions from stroke. Posers in this preliminary report were two right brain-damaged, two left brain-damaged, and two normal control right-handed adults who were matched on demographic and neurological factors. Eight emotional expressions, both positive and negative, were produced in three channels and rated for intensity, pleasantness, and category accuracy. 15 normal adults served as raters, five per channel. The rating procedures were comparable across channels, with analogous properties, and yielded substantial interrater agreement. In this small sample of posers, it was observed that the expressions of the right brain-damaged group were rated as the least accurate and those of the left brain-damaged group as the most intense. When patterns of individual performance across the channels were examined, performance was quiet consistent for the normal controls yet variable for the right brain-damaged persons. These observations are in keeping with the notion that patients with right hemisphere pathology have difficulty in emotional communication. In summary, these findings suggest that comparison of emotional expressions across multiple channels is feasible. 相似文献
660.
There is evidence to suggest that disgust sensitivity plays a role in the development of small animal fears and phobias. Recently, Phillips, Senior, Fahy, and David (1998) [Phillips, M. L., Senior, C., Fahy, T., & David, A. S. (1998). Disgust: the forgotten emotion of psychiatry. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 373-375.] suggested that disgust sensitivity is also involved in various other anxiety-based symptoms (e.g. obsessive-compulsive complaints, social phobia). The present study sought to test this suggestion in a large sample of normal school children (N = 189). Children completed a measure of disgust sensitivity, the trait anxiety version of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, an instrument that measures DSM-defined anxiety disorders symptoms. Disgust sensitivity was indeed found to be correlated with a broad range of anxiety disorders symptoms. However, results also indicated that these correlations were predominantly carried by trait anxiety. That is, when controlling for levels of trait anxiety, only specific phobia symptoms (including animal phobia, blood-injection-injury phobia and situational-environmental phobia) and separation anxiety disorder symptoms were significantly related to disgust sensitivity, although correlations were rather modest. Taken together, these findings cast doubts on the claim that disgust sensitivity is an unique and independent factor that contributes to a broad range of anxiety disorders. 相似文献