Alfred Schutz’s theory of the social world, often neglected in philosophy, has the potential to capture the interplay of identity and difference which shapes our action, interaction, and experience in everyday life. Compared to still dominant identity-based models such as that of Jürgen Habermas, who assumes a coordination of meaning built on the idealisation of stable rules (primarily those of language), Schutz’s theory is an important step forward. However, his central notion of a “type” runs into a difficulty which requires constructive criticism. Against the background of Schutz’s theory of meaning inspired by Bergson and Husserl, his idea of types “taken for granted until further notice” is shown to express a primacy of identity which, in the final analysis, leads into the implausible scenario of ‘ubiquitous tunnel vision’. This makes it necessary to go beyond Schutz and assume an inherently motivated tendency towards difference in meaning termed ‘spontaneity’. Where spontaneity and the opposed tendency towards identity of meaning work together in the application of types, they enable embodied subjects to interact with the world and with each other in the routine yet flexible and sometimes innovative ways which we all know. 相似文献
Motivation and Emotion - The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The foot note text has been overlapped with the article text. However, it is now correct and given... 相似文献
Objective: Worries about health threatening effects of potential health hazards of modern life (e.g. electric devices and pollution) represent a growing phenomenon in Western countries. Yet, little is known about the causes of this growing special case of affective risk perceptions termed Modern Health Worries (MHW). The purpose of this study is to examine a possible role of biased media reports in the formation of MHW.
Design: In two experiments, we investigated whether typical television reports affect MHW. In Study 1, 130 participants were randomly assigned to a film on idiopathic environmental intolerance (IEI) or a control film about cystic fibrosis. In Study 2, 82 participants were randomly assigned to either a film on the dangers of electromagnetic fields or a control condition.
Main outcome measures: Increases in MHW after sensational media reports.
Results: In Study 1, only participants high on the personality trait of absorption revealed increased MHW after watching the IEI film. In Study 2, specifically worries about radiation were found to be elevated after watching the film on the dangers of electromagnetic fields compared to the control film.
Conclusion: The results of both studies reveal a significant and specific influence of sensational short mass media reports on MHW. The influence of potential moderators such as absorption remains to be clarified. 相似文献
Journal of Child and Family Studies - Maternal sensitivity and supportive discipline are important determinants of child self-regulation. Some evidence suggests that specific genetic or... 相似文献
It is a crucial question whether practicalities should have an impact in developing an applicable theory of human rights—and
if, how (far) such constraints can be justified. In the course of the non-ideal turn of today’s political philosophy, any
entitlements (and social entitlements in particular) stand under the proviso of practical feasibility. It would, after all,
be unreasonable to demand something which is, under the given political and economic circumstances, unachievable. Thus, many
theorist—particularly those belonging to the liberal camp—begin to question the very idea of social human rights on grounds
of practical infeasibility. This new minimalism about human rights motivates an immanent critique arguing that even if we
were to proceed from a liberal framework, we would still wind up with a justification of the full list of social human rights.
In the first part of this article, I will present the central positions of the debate presented by Amartya Sen, Maurice Cranston
and Pablo Gilabert. Initially arguing that a minimalism of human rights on grounds of practical infeasibility alone proves
unjustifiable, however, I shall open up two further perspectives, which allow practical infeasibilities to become normatively
determinate. Discussing contributions by James Griffin and Charles Beitz, I will defend the thesis that certain feasibility
constraints on (social) human rights can be justified on the condition that they are grounded either in a normative idea of
the appropriate implementation of these rights or in reflection of the practical function of a theory of human rights. 相似文献
This study examines if the willingness of adolescents to participate in a web-based prevention program can be increased by providing an incentive for participation. Eighth graders (n = 166) were instructed to work on an online stress-prevention program via the internet from home. A subgroup of n = 80 subjects from three school classes were told that they would take part in a raffle if they completed the program. The remaining n = 86 participants (again three classes) served as a control group. The school classes were randomly allocated to the training conditions. During the 8-week intervention period, compliance rates were recorded by means of an online tracking system. In addition, self-reported compliance and training acceptance were assessed. The application of an incentive had considerable effects on retention rates, on training acceptance and self-assessed effectiveness of the intervention. Adolescents in the ‘incentive condition’ completed three times as many program lessons as control subjects did, and–as their self-reports suggest–they worked as attentively. Validity of self-reported compliance was higher among participants of the incentive group and they reported significantly higher program acceptance. As a consequence, the application of incentive systems is recommended for future implementation of web-based prevention programs targeting adolescents. 相似文献