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81.
Conducted Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R; Gartstein & Rothbart, 2003) with samples of U.S. and Russian infants, examining cross-cultural differences in the structure of temperament. A generally consistent pattern of factor loadings across the two cultures was obtained following model modification. 相似文献
82.
83.
Many theories of contingency learning assume (either explicitly or implicitly) that predicting whether an outcome will occur should be easier than making a causal judgment. Previous research suggests that outcome predictions would depart from normative standards less often than causal judgments, which is consistent with the idea that the latter are based on more numerous and complex processes. However, only indirect evidence exists for this view. The experiment presented here specifically addresses this issue by allowing for a fair comparison of causal judgments and outcome predictions, both collected at the same stage with identical rating scales. Cue density, a parameter known to affect judgments, is manipulated in a contingency learning paradigm. The results show that, if anything, the cue-density bias is stronger in outcome predictions than in causal judgments. These results contradict key assumptions of many influential theories of contingency learning. 相似文献
84.
If there is a spider in the room, then the spider phobic in your group is most likely to point it out to you. This phenomenon is believed to arise because our attentional systems are hardwired to attend to threat in our environment, and, to a spider phobic, spiders are threatening. However, an alternative explanation is simply that attention is quickly drawn to the stimulus of most personal relevance in the environment. Our research examined whether positive stimuli with no biological or evolutionary relevance could be allocated preferential attention. We compared attention to pictures of spiders with pictures from the TV program Doctor Who, for people who varied in both their love of Doctor Who and their fear of spiders. We found a double dissociation: interference from spider and Doctor-Who-related images in a visual search task was predicted by spider fear and Doctor Who expertise, respectively. As such, allocation of attention reflected the personal relevance of the images rather than their threat content. The attentional system believed to have a causal role in anxiety disorders is therefore likely to be a general system that responds not to threat but to stimulus relevance; hence, nonevolutionary images, such as those from Doctor Who, captured attention as quickly as fear-relevant spider images. Where this leaves the Empress of Racnoss, we are unsure. 相似文献
85.
Raque-Bogdan TL Ericson SK Jackson J Martin HM Bryan NA 《Journal of counseling psychology》2011,58(2):272-278
Research shows a strong link between adult attachment and mental and physical health, but little is known about the mechanisms that underlie these relationships. The present study examined self-compassion and mattering, two constructs from positive psychology literature, as potential mediators. Using survey data from a sample of 208 college students, relationships among attachment, self-compassion, mattering, and functional health were explored. Correlational analyses indicated that attachment anxiety and avoidance were strongly related to the mental health component of functional health. Mediation analyses indicated that mattering and self-compassion mediated the relationships between attachment orientation (i.e., levels of avoidance and anxiety) and mental health. These findings suggest that individuals' abilities to be kind toward themselves and their sense of belonging and being important to others are pathways through which attachment orientation relates to mental health. 相似文献
86.
Aya Goto Quang Vinh Nguyen Thi Tu Van Nguyen Nghiem Minh Pham Thi Mong Thuy Chung Huu Phuc Trinh Junko Yabe Hitomi Sasaki Seiji Yasumura 《Journal of child and family studies》2010,19(1):118-127
We conducted this cross-sectional study among 392 Japanese and 294 Vietnamese mothers who attended routine child health visits
in a Japanese city and at a tertiary hospital in Vietnam, in order to investigate the prevalence and associated sociodemographic,
parenting, and psychological characteristics of low maternal confidence in child rearing among them. All data were collected
from medical files in Japan, and from medical files and self-administered questionnaires in Vietnam. The proportion of mothers
without secure feeling of confidence in the present study was 22% in Japan and 66% in Vietnam. Significant factors associated
with a lack of confidence were first-time motherhood and unintended pregnancy in the Japanese dataset and younger age in the
Vietnamese dataset. In both groups, a higher proportion of mothers who lacked confidence reported negative parenting outcomes
than did confident mothers. Among the three psychological measurements (mood, self-efficacy and depression), higher self-efficacy
was associated independently with a significantly reduced risk of not having confidence in child rearing. These results suggest
the importance of developing parenting support programs to help Japanese and Vietnamese mothers, particularly those who are
young, first-time mothers or who became pregnant unexpectedly, improve their self-efficacy. 相似文献
87.
The evolution of the historiography of psychology in Brazil is surveyed, to describe how the field has evolved from the seminal works of the pioneer, mostly self-taught, psychologists, to the now professional historians working from a variety of theoretical models and methods of inquiry. The first accounts of the history of psychology written by Brazilians and by foreigners are surveyed, as well as the recent works made by researchers linked to the Work Group on the History of Psychology of the Brazilian Association of Research and Graduate Education in Psychology and published in periodicals such as Memorandum and Mnemosine. The present historiography focuses mainly the relationship of psychological knowledge to specific social and cultural conditions, emphasizing themes such as women's participation in the construction of the field, the development of psychology as a science and as a profession in education and health, and the development of psychology as an expression of Brazilian culture and of the experience of resistance of local communities to domination. To reveal this process of identity construction, a cultural historiography is an important tool, coupled with methodological pluralism. 相似文献
88.
Two studies of ethnically diverse US college students from northern California examined whether ingroup bias and gender norm violations influence acquaintance rape attributions (Study 1, N?=?118; Study 2, N?=?140). Participants read vignettes depicting acquaintance rape and completed questionnaires. Victims were part of participants’ ingroup or outgroup. Study 1 manipulated the victim’s sexual history (chaste or promiscuous). Study 2 manipulated the victim’s alcohol use (sober or intoxicated). Ingroup victims were perceived more positively than outgroup victims if the victims were promiscuous or intoxicated. More guilt was attributed to rapists of ingroup victims than outgroup victims if the victims were promiscuous or intoxicated. Findings are examined in relation to ingroup bias and gender norm violations. 相似文献
89.
Vadillo MA Castro L Matute H Wasserman EA 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2008,61(2):185-193
Most theoretical accounts of backward blocking place heavy stress on the necessity of the target cue having been trained in compound with the competing cue to produce a decrement in responding. Yet, other evidence suggests that a similar reduction in responding to the target cue can be observed when the outcome is later paired with a novel cue never trained in compound with the target cue (interference between cues trained apart). The present experiment shows that pairing another nonassociated cue with the same outcome may be sufficient to produce a decremental effect on the target cue, but the presence of a within-compound association between the target and the competing cue adds to this effect. Thus, both interference between cues trained apart and within-compound associations independently contribute to backward blocking. 相似文献
90.
Zuzana Skodova Iveta Nagyova Jitse P. van Dijk Adriana Sudzinova Helena Vargova Martin Studencan S. A. Reijneveld 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2008,15(3):204-213
Psychosocial factors have been shown to play an important role in the aetiology of coronary heart disease (CHD). A strong
association between CHD and socioeconomic status (lower-level education, poor financial situation) has also been well established.
Socioeconomic differences may thus also have an effect on psychosocial risk factors associated with CHD, and socioeconomic
disadvantage may negatively affect the later prognosis and quality of life of cardiac patients. The aim of this study was
to review the available evidence on socioeconomic differences in psychosocial factors which specifically contribute to CHD.
A computer-aided search of the Medline and PsycINFO databases resulted in 301 articles in English published between 1994 and
2007. A comprehensive screening process identified 12 empirical studies which described the socioeconomic differences in CHD
risk factors. A review of these studies showed that socioeconomic status (educational grade, occupation or income) was adversely
associated with psychosocial factors linked to CHD. This association was evident in the case of hostility and depression.
Available studies also showed a similar trend with respect to social support, perception of health and lack of optimism. Less
consistent were the results related to anger and perceived stress levels. Socioeconomic disadvantage seems to be an important
element influencing the psychosocial factors related to CHD, thus, a more comprehensive clarification of associations between
these factors might be useful. More studies are needed, focused not only on well-known risk factors such as depression and
hostility, but also on some lesser known psychosocial factors such as Type D and vital exhaustion and their role in CHD. 相似文献