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881.
Helen Tager-Flusberg 《Current directions in psychological science》2007,16(6):311-315
ABSTRACT— Two decades ago, the theory-of-mind hypothesis of autism was introduced by Baron-Cohen and his colleagues; this theory provided a unified cognitive explanation for the key social and communication symptoms in that disorder. I evaluate the theory-of-mind hypothesis in light of studies that have addressed several key questions: Do children with autism develop theory-of-mind concepts? How can we explain why some children with autism pass theory-of-mind tasks? Do deficits in theory of mind account for the major impairments that characterize autistic disorder? Current research supports the view that autism involves delays and deficits not only in the development of a theory of mind but also in additional aspects of social-affective information processing that extend beyond the traditional boundaries of theory of mind. 相似文献
882.
McAuliffe C Arensman E Keeley HS Corcoran P Fitzgerald AP 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2007,37(4):397-408
The association between motives for deliberate self-harm (DSH), level of suicide intent, and history of DSH is poorly understood. As part of the WHO/EURO Multicentre Study on Suicidal Behavior, the Suicide Intent Scale, and the Motives for Parasuicide Questionnaire were administered to 146 patients presenting with DSH in the Cork region in Ireland. DSH patients reporting high suicide intent were more motivated to escape from their problem (M = 3.15, p < .001) compared to those with low suicide intent, who were more motivated to appeal to others (M = 1.61, p < .001) and to get a temporary break from their problem (M = 2.47, p < .001). Repeaters more often reported motives aimed at escape (M = 2.98, p < .01), revenge (M = .60, p < .005), and appeal (M = 1.43, p = <.05). Selfharming patients are characterized by ambivalence and struggle with aversive thoughts and situations. Therapeutic approaches should include distress management and coping strategies. 相似文献
883.
884.
Initial psychometric properties of the experiences questionnaire: validation of a self-report measure of decentering 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Fresco DM Moore MT van Dulmen MH Segal ZV Ma SH Teasdale JD Williams JM 《Behavior Therapy》2007,38(3):234-246
Decentering is defined as the ability to observe one's thoughts and feelings as temporary, objective events in the mind, as opposed to reflections of the self that are necessarily true. The Experiences Questionnaire (EQ) was designed to measure both decentering and rumination but has not been empirically validated. The current study investigated the factor structure of the EQ in both undergraduate and clinical populations. A single, unifactorial decentering construct emerged using 2 undergraduate samples. The convergent and discriminant validity of this decentering factor was demonstrated in negative relationships with measures of depression symptoms, depressive rumination, experiential avoidance, and emotion regulation. Finally, the factor structure of the EQ was replicated in a clinical sample of individuals in remission from depression, and the decentering factor evidenced a negative relationship to concurrent levels of depression symptoms. Findings from this series of studies offer initial support for the EQ as a measure of decentering. 相似文献
885.
Recent studies have shown the existence of two qualitatively distinct groups of people based on how they judge the probability of a conditional statement. The present study was designed to test whether these differences are rooted in distinctive means of processing conditional statements and whether they are linked to differences in general intelligence. In the study, each of 120 participants completed three separate cognitive tasks involving the processing of abstract conditional statements--the probability-of-conditionals task, the conditional truth table task, and the conditional inference task--in addition to completing a test of general intelligence (AH4). The results showed a number of predicted effects: People responding with conditional (rather than conjunctive) probabilities on the first task were higher in cognitive ability, showed reasoning patterns more consistent with a suppositional treatment of the conditional, and showed a strongly "defective" truth table pattern. The results include several novel findings and post challenges to contemporary psychological theories of conditionals. 相似文献
886.
Few studies have systematically evaluated whether contextual variables differ in their ability to explain the use of different
drugs in the same sample. Our objective was to examine correlates of use for different illicit drugs at the individual and
neighborhood level in a tri-ethnic sample of low-income women, an underrepresented sample in drug research. Women 18–31 were
recruited from a low-cost family planning clinic in southeast Texas from December 2001 to May 2003. Neighborhood level indicators
of disadvantage, family structure, and nativity status from U.S. Census 2000 were linked with individual survey data. Multilevel
logistic regression was used to examine the effect of individual and neighborhood level measures on lifetime use of marijuana
only and of other illicit drugs in 594 women. Only individual level variables (younger age, non-Hispanic White ethnicity,
not being married, greater peer acceptance of substance use) increased odds of exclusive marijuana use, controlling for neighborhood
level factors. However, both neighborhood and individual level variables significantly predicted other illicit drug use. Residence
in less disadvantaged neighborhoods, non-Hispanic White ethnicity, higher levels of education, greater acceptance of substance
use by peers, and a larger number of perceived neighborhood problems increased odds of illicit drug use. Use of other illicit
drugs with or without marijuana may be more closely tied to area level factors whereas factors driving exclusive marijuana
use may not rely on localized structures to the same extent. Thus, community-level interventions may need to customize their
approaches according to the type of drug use targeted. The implication of using neighborhood level variables in substance
use research is also discussed. 相似文献
887.
888.
Victoria J. Bourne Helen C. Fox Ian J. Deary Lawrence J. Whalley 《Personality and individual differences》2007,42(8):1551-1559
Lower childhood cognitive ability may be a risk factor for greater cognitive decline in late life and progression to dementia. To assess variation in age-related cognitive change, it is helpful to have valid measures of cognitive ability from early life. Here, we examine the relation between childhood intelligence and cognitive change in later life in two samples, one born in 1921 and the other in 1936. All participants completed the same test of mental ability (one of the Moray House Test series) at age about 11 years, and were re-examined on Raven’s Progressive Matrices at age 77 (1921-born) or age 64 (1936-born). Where possible, the 1921 sample was re-tested at the age of about 80 years old and the 1936 sample re-tested at about 66 years. After taking into account various covariates, including sex, education and occupation, childhood intelligence was a significant predictor of cognitive change in later life. Results were in the direction that participants with lower childhood mental ability experienced relatively greater cognitive decline, whereas those of higher childhood mental ability showed improved performance. This result suggests that higher premorbid cognitive ability is protective of decline in later life. 相似文献
889.
Intellectual ability is assessed with the Spot-the-Word (STW) test (A. Baddeley, H. Emslie, & I. Nimmo Smith, 1993) by asking respondents to identify a word in a word-nonword item pair. Results in moderate-sized samples suggest this ability is resistant to decline due to dementia. The authors used a 3-parameter item response theory model to investigate the measurement properties of the STW in a large community-dwelling sample (n=2,480) 60 to 64 years of age. A number of poorly performing items were identified. Substantial guessing was present; however, the number of words correctly identified was found to be an accurate index of ability. Performance was moderately related to a number of tests of cognitive performance and was effectively unrelated to visual acuity and to physical or mental health status. The STW is a promising test of ability that, in the future, may be refined by the deletion or replacement of poorly functioning items. 相似文献
890.
Jeff Sigafoos Mark O’Reilly Helen Cannella Chaturi Edrisinha Berenice de la Cruz Megha Upadhyaya Giulio E. Lancioni Anna Hundley Alonzo Andrews Carolyn Garver David Young 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2007,16(2):93-109
We evaluated a video prompting and fading procedure for teaching three adults with developmental disabilities to wash dishes.
Video prompting involved showing video clips depicting each step of the task. All three adults reached 90–100% correct when
video prompting was implemented. Following acquisition, video prompting was withdrawn, but performance deteriorated. Subsequently,
a 3-step fading procedure was implemented in which the separate video clips were merged to form larger, multi-step segments
of video. Performance reached 80–100% correct as the video prompts were re-applied and then faded. Performance decreased at
the 3-month follow-up when prompting was removed, but stabilized at 80–90% correct when the third step in the fading sequence
was reinstated. These data suggest a promising approach for fading video prompts. 相似文献