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841.
842.
There is a lack of information on how cognitive ability relates to both health behaviors and change in health behaviors over time. This study examined verbal ability and processing speed as predictors of health behaviors in the PATH Through Life Study that includes cohorts aged in their 20s, 40s and 60s. Higher cognitive scores were associated with higher levels of physical activity, greater likelihood of taking vitamin and mineral supplements, reduced likelihood of current smoking and not abstaining from alcohol. However, lower level of verbal ability and processing speed were associated with higher levels of use of cholesterol lowering medication in the 60s cohort. Physical activity, consumption of vitamins and minerals and taking cholesterol lowering and antihypertensive medication over the four-year follow-up period increased in this cohort. The likelihood of adopting healthier behaviors was greatest for those with the lowest cognitive scores. We conclude that while higher levels of cognitive performance are associated with health promoting behaviors, improvements in health behavior are more likely to be due to non-cognitive, contextual and societal factors. 相似文献
843.
844.
Background: this study sets out to examine to what extent attributional style (internal, stable, global) and self-esteem predicted positive affect and self-reported happiness in a normal, non-clinical, population of young people in their early 20s. Method: 88 participants completed five questionnaires: Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ in both positive and negative situations), Bradburn Affect Scales (Positive Affect, Negative Affect, and Affect Balance Scale), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale Gurin Happiness Measure, and Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI). Results: regressional analysis showed that the ASQ was the significant predictor of happiness accounting for 18% of variance. The ASQ in positive and negative situations was significantly inversely correlated with self-esteem. Further, with happiness (the OHI) as dependent variable and attributional style, self-esteem, and demographic variables as independent variables, self-esteem and attributional style (in positive situations) were the significant predictors of happiness accounting for 55% of the total variance. Conclusion: the results indicated that optimistic attributional style in positive situations was a stronger predictor of self-reported happiness than optimistic attributional style in negative situations. The implications of the findings are discussed in terms of cognitive strategies for changing pessimism into optimism thus enhancing happiness or psychological well-being. 相似文献
845.
Decision to Leave Scale: Perceived Reasons to Stay In or Leave Violent Relationships 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Helen M. Hendy Doreen Eggen Cheryl Gustitus Kelli C. McLeod Phillip Ng 《Psychology of women quarterly》2003,27(2):162-173
The 30-item Decision to Leave Scale (DLS) was developed with 631 college women and 420 college women and women in shelters. Seven DLS subscales emerged for concerns in deciding to stay or leave: Fear of Loneliness, Child Care Needs, Financial Problems, Social Embarrassment, Poor Social Support, Fear of Harm, Hopes Things Change. Mean internal reliability was .73, mean test-retest reliability was .70. Discriminant validity was demonstrated by expected associations between DLS concerns and self-esteem, children, and violence. Criterion validity was demonstrated by greater DLS concerns for women in shelters than for college women. Women in violent relationships who decided to stay reported more Fear of Loneliness than women who decided to leave. 相似文献
846.
James A. Breaugh Leslie A. Greising James W. Taggart Helen Chen 《Journal of applied social psychology》2003,33(11):2267-2287
The study reported in this paper examined the relationship between 5 recruiting sources (college placement offices, newspaper advertisements, employee referrals, direct applicants, and job fairs) and several important but neglected pre-hire outcomes (e.g., percentage of qualified applicants generated, percentage of applicants who were hired). As hypothesized, applicants who applied directly for jobs and those who were referred by current employees were more likely to receive job offers and to become employees than were applicants recruited via other sources. Unexpectedly, recruiting sources were not related to the measures of applicant quality used in this study. 相似文献
847.
848.
Peter Suedfeld Helen Paterson Erin Soriano Samantha Zuvic 《Journal of applied social psychology》2002,32(11):2368-2376
In spite of many false negatives and false positives quite familiar to the people of Nazi‐dominated Europe, dark hair and eyes were salient among the physical stereotypes of Jews that the Nazis promulgated along with psychosocial ones. Many narratives of the Holocaust refer to someone surviving because he or she “did not look Jewish,” and others being caught and killed because they did. A quantitative test of the validity and impact of this attribution showed that a higher proportion of Holocaust survivors than of a North American Jewish control group had light‐colored hair, eyes, or both during the relevant period. The paper discusses possible reasons why these were survival characteristics under the conditions of the Holocaust, the possible short‐ and long‐term effects of such selectivity, and implications for stereotyping in other situations of ethnic persecution and genocide. 相似文献
849.
Helen M. Murphy Cyrilla H. Wideman Louise A. Aquila George R. Nadzam 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2002,37(3):228-241
Two methods of monitoring the circadian rhythm of activity in rodents: (1) an activity wheel cage, which detects the number
of wheel revolutions, and (2) an internal radio transmitter, which records gross motor activity (GMA) of the animal, were
compared in both normal circadian cycles and during the development of activity-stress ulcers. Rats were implanted with a
biotelemetry transmitter that detected GMA and body temperature (BT) and placed in activity wheel cages. A 12 hour/12 hour
light/dark cycle was maintained throughout the experiment. Subjects were subdivided into two groups: (1) unlimited access
to activity wheel (AW) cages and (2) locked activity wheel (LW) cages. Following an ad-libitum habituation period, animals
were allowed food access for 1 hour/day during the light. In the habituation period, the animals showed higher GMA and BT
during the dark phase when housed in AW cages than in LW cages. Both GMA and number of wheel revolutions increased dramatically
after the onset of food restriction for the AW animals. There was a deleterious drop in BT in AW animals as the food-restricted
period continued and a significant correlation existed between severity of ulcerations and BT. The findings of this experiment
demonstrate that the activity wheel imposes an alternation of the circadian cycle, which, in turn, influences rhythmicity
through reentrainment. Additionally, in the activity-stress paradigm, a significant drop in BT correlates with severity of
ulcerations. A disrupted circadian cycle, involving hypothermia, is proposed as the mechanism underlying the demise of animals
in the activity-stress paradigm. 相似文献
850.
A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, between subjects study design (N=37) was used to investigate the effects of dexamphetamine on explicit new name learning. Participants ingested 10mg of dexamphetamine or placebo daily over 5 consecutive mornings before learning new names for 50 familiar objects plus fillers. The dexamphetamine group recognised and recalled the new names more accurately than the placebo group over the 5 days and 1 month later. Word learning success was not associated with baseline neuropsychological performance, mood, cardiovascular arousal, or sustained attention. These results may have implications for the pharmacological treatment of acquired naming difficulties. 相似文献