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991.
992.
A discrete-trials color naming (Stroop)’paradigm was used to examine activation along orthographic and phonological dimensions in visual and auditory word recognition. Subjects were presented a prime word, either auditorily or visually, followed 200 msec later by a target word printed in a color. The orthographic and phonological similarity of prime-target pairs varied. Color naming latencies were longer when the primes and targets were orthographically and/or phonologically similar than when they were unrelated. This result obtained for both prime presentation modes. The results suggest that word recognition entails activation of multiple codes and priming of orthographically and phonologically similar words. 相似文献
993.
994.
Elizabeth Orsborn M.A. Helen Patrick M.A. Robyn S. Dixon M.A. Dennis W. Moore Ph.D. 《Journal of Behavioral Education》1995,5(3):347-357
The effects of reducing teacher questions and increasing pauses on student talk during morning news sessions were investigated. The length of student discourse was observed during random 10-min samples of the lesson, together with frequency counts of teacher questions and pauses. Concomitant measures of teacher praise, directives, control statements and student call-outs were also obtained. Within the constraints of a within-subjects reversal design (ABAB), experimentally reducing teacher questions and replacing these with pauses and/or topic-related statements was associated with an increase in child discourse. Teacher praise and directives did not systematically alter across experimental phases but both teacher control statements and child call-outs reduced during the intervention phases. Reducing teacher questions and increasing the use of pauses by the teacher was associated with increases in student discourse without adversely affecting classroom behavior. These results support the hypothesis that teacher questions foil pupil talk in morning news thereby obstructing the pedagogical value of these sessions. 相似文献
995.
Roy M. Poses MD Wally R. Smith Brian P. Schmitt Donna Alexander-Forti Randall D. Cebul Robert S. Wigton 《Motivation and emotion》1995,19(3):193-203
Several studies have shown differences in the rates at which women and men receive treatment for several common medical problems, especially heart disease. The reason for these differences and the extent to which men and women receive different treatments for other problems is unclear. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether there are differences in the rates men and women receive antibiotic therapy for pharyngitis (sore throat), whether these differences are related to differences in disease severity or comorbidity across the sexes, and whether these differences could be due to prejudice against women by male clinicians. This was a retrospective analysis of data at two university student health services in Pennsylvania and Nebraska. Male clinicians did not prescribe antibiotics at significantly different rates for male and female patients, but female clinicians prescribed antibiotics more frequently for their male patients.The original data collection was supported in part by a grant from the National Library of Medicine, LM-04321.Presented in part at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Medical Decision Making, Portland, Oregon, October, 1992, and at the Third Primary Care Research Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, 1993.We thank Jane Kreisberg and Linda Rizjis for coordination of the collection of the original data, Linda Gray for help with data entry, and Cheryl Kull and Mary Martino for secretarial support. We are grateful to all the physicians who participated in the original study. 相似文献
996.
Maggie Ponder Frances Murton Nina Hallowell Helen Statham Josephine Green Martin Richards 《Journal of genetic counseling》1998,7(4):331-344
Neurofibromatosis type 1(NF1) is a complex and variable inherited disorder. The complexity and variability present particular difficulty for genetic counseling. Thirty-three people with NF1 of reproductive age were interviewed about their experience of genetic counseling, their past reproductive behavior and future intentions. One third reported having had no genetic counseling or not having it until after their first child. In part, this may be due to delay in diagnosis but also indicates poor access to genetic services. Only three people had ever been offered prenatal genetic testing and only one had accepted. Although testing is still technically difficult, the greatest deterrent to uptake of prenatal testing for NF1 is the variability of the disorder. However, six of the 17 people planning future pregnancies would want a test with a view to termination if necessary. Others would welcome testing in order to be prepared but not to terminate. We discuss some of the factors which influence reproductive decision making for people with NF1 and some of the difficulties in genetic counseling in such a variable and complex disorder. 相似文献
997.
The relationships of distributive justice norms (equity, equality, and need), social role, and demographic variables to judgments
of fairness, satisfaction, employer obligation, and employee entitlement were investigated. Subjects functioning as recipient's
co-workers, allocators, or observers responded to a need-based salary allocation situation. Multiple regression analyses showed
that endorsement of the need norm was most important. Justice norms and demographics each predicted significant unique variance
in all of the criterion judgments. Social role yielded significant differences for fairness judgments. The findings indicate
that where a situation increases the salience of nonequity factors other justice norms, such as recipient needs, may become
more important than the equity norm. The results also suggest the importance of respondent social roles and demographic characteristics
in the study of justice judgments. 相似文献
998.
Relationships between gender egalitarian values, family lifestyles, and children's gender typing were studied among 156 Euro-American, working to upper middle class nonconventional families, and a comparison sample of 51 two-parent, married couples. Did efforts to alter domestic task allocation in nonconventional countercultural families influence children's gender typing at age six? Children's gender typing scores were not directly related to patterns of task assignment, although they were moderately correlated with parents' gender egalitarian values and nonconventional lifestyles. The nonconventional families tended to have children displaying less stereotyping of male objects, and more non gender-typed responses. These effects were stronger among girls. Household organization (single parent, married or unmarried couple, or commune), regardless of family lifestyle and values, was strongly related to shared vs. more exclusive forms of task assignment. Mothers' egalitarian values also were associated with more shared tasks. The effects of shared domestic tasks in the home on children's gender typing seemed to be indirect, mediated by the child's sex and the meaning parents attached to their task assignment in the home. 相似文献
999.
There is evidence that training letter-to-sound connections can be important for future reading development. The present study
involved training letter-sound connections for two groups of prereaders equivalent in their IQ, knowledge of letters and age,
to examine the importance of tracing letters in order to learn such connections. All children were trained individually. Each
15-minute training session was divided into three parts. In one 5-minute part of each session, the “Letter” group pronounced
a letter shown on a computer and traced it on the screen with a pen, while the “Shape” group traced non-letter shapes. In
the second 5-minute part, the Shape group named letters and watched them being traced while the other group watched the program
tracing non-letter shapes. Thus both groups experienced the same letter-sound training and tracing activity, but only the
Letter group experienced both in conjunction with each other. In the final 5-minute session both training groups received
training in phonemic awareness training for 5 minutes. It was found that both groups improved significantly on a letter-to-sound
test relative to a control group not receiving such training. However, only the Shape group significantly improved in a sound-to-letter
test. It is concluded that tracing vertically on a computer screen does not appear to be advantageous for teaching letter-sound
connections for this age range and can even be a distraction for learning sound-letter connections. 相似文献
1000.
Paul V. Trad MD 《Contemporary Family Therapy》1994,16(6):463-487
This paper discusses the application of principles of infant psychiatry to the diagnosis and treatment of multigenerational family conflict. Using a technique referred to as previewing, the therapist can focus on the interpersonal meaning that the infant's development precipitates in the family and determine how the parents' relationships with the infant replicate their relationships with their own families of origin. The therapist may then use these insights for overcoming conflict and for acclimating parents to new developmental skills in an optimal manner. Specific suggestions for how parents may promote more adaptive patterns of interaction with the infant using previewing are offered. 相似文献