Erfolg und Mißerfolg im Leistungswetteifer des imbezillen Kindes

Zusammenfassung Vergleicht man imbezille Kinder, die nicht bildungsfähig sind, aufgrund ihres Intelligenzalters (nicht ihres Lebensalters!) mit geistig normalen Kindern, so ist bei einer denkbar einfachen Wetteifertätigkeit der gleiche Entwicklungsverlauf leistungsmotivierten Erlebens und Verhaltens zu beobachten.Sobald die kognitive Struktur des Früher -oder Späterfertigwerdens erfaßt werden kann — was spätestens von einem Intelligenzalter von 3;6 Jahren ab der Fall ist —, wetteifern erstens imbezille wie normale Kinder, zeigen sie zweitens charakteristischen Erfolgs- und Mißerfolgsausdruck mit seinen alterstypischen Veränderungen, sowie drittens einen entwicklungstypischen Wandel a) in den Versuchen zur Bewältigung von Mißerfolg und leistungsthematischen Konflikten und b) in zunehmender Konflikthaftigkeit und realistischerer Beurteilung bei der Vorhersage des eigenen Erfolges. Lediglich in der Ausdauer beim Wetteifern sind die nach Lebensalter älteren Schwachsinnigen den geistig Normalen überlegen, was mit gewissen Voraussagen Lewins übereinstimmt.Die Befunde unterstreichen, daß nicht ein affektiver oder ein körperlich-biologischer, sondern der kognitive Entwicklungsstand entscheidend ist für die Genese der Leistungsmotivation und deren Entwicklungsverlauf. Befunde und Schlußfolgerungen anderer Autoren, die die Fähigkeit des Imbezillen zum Erleben von Erfolg und Mißerfolg in Frage stellen, werden diskutiert.     

Zur Frage der informationstheoretischen Analyse von Wahlreaktionsexperimenten

Ohne ZusammenfassungHerrn Prof. Dr. Karl Mierke zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Hinduism and cyberspace

Hinduism is thriving in cyberspace. In this article I consider the suitability of this environment for Hinduism. This can indicate both whether various forms of Hindu religious expression online are valid and whether Hinduism needs to undergo any radical changes as a result of its presence in cyberspace. In order to investigate this issue I consider the nature of cyberspace and then discuss a number of key aspects of Hinduism in the light of this. I conclude that, overall, cyberspace appears to be a highly suitable environment for Hinduism.     

Cognitive avoidance,positive affect,and gender as predictors of the processing of aversive information

The study investigated the influence of cognitive avoidance, positive affect, and gender on the evaluation of and memory for threat-related information varying in degrees of aversiveness and ambiguity. Stimulus material consisted of threatening, nonthreatening, and ambiguous pictures. First, valence ratings of the stimuli were collected. This phase was followed by a first memory test. A second memory test was administered three days later. Memory for aversive information was influenced by cognitive avoidance, positive affect, and gender. Avoiders exhibited a comparatively good memory for aversive information in the first (immediate) test and a very poor memory in the delayed testing. A similar pattern was obtained for individuals high in positive affect. Compared to men, women gave more negative ratings to aversive and ambiguous pictures and had a better memory for ambiguous information in the immediate test. Results are discussed within the framework of the repressive discontinuity hypothesis proposed by Hock and Krohne [Hock, M., Krohne, H. W. (2004). Coping with threat and memory for ambiguous information: Testing the repressive discontinuity hypothesis. Emotion, 4, 65–86].     

Is Involvement a Suppressor of the Job Satisfaction–Life Satisfaction Relationship?1

Previous research has demonstrated a considerable correlation between job satisfaction and life satisfaction. In addition, various researchers have hypothesized that job importance (work involvement) should be a moderator of this relationship. However, most empirical tests did not confirm this assumption. We argue that job importance cannot turn out to be a moderator because the subjective importance of work is already part of job–satisfaction judgments, a notion that has been advanced by Locke (1969) as implicit importance weighting. However, a suppressor effect can be predicted because job importance should be correlated with job satisfaction, but not life satisfaction. In a study of recently hired incumbents (N= 811) in a large German electronics company, we distinguished between job involvement and work involvement. We considered the latter, but not the former, being a measure of job importance. Work involvement, but not job involvement, turned out to be a suppressor of the relation between job satisfaction and life satisfaction.     

Gender characteristics of cerebral hemodynamics during complex cognitive functioning

Functional Transcranial Doppler sonography (fTCD) has been applied to assess peak mean cerebral blood flow velocity (MFV) with a high temporal resolution during cognitive activation. Yet, little attention has been devoted to gender-related alterations of MFV, including spectral analysis. In healthy subjects, fTCD was used to investigate a series of cerebral hemodynamic parameters in the middle cerebral arteries (MCA) during the Trail Making Tests (TMT), a means of selective attention and complex cognitive functioning. In females, there was a frequency peak at 0.375 Hz in both MCA, and we observed a dynamic shift in hemispheric dominance during that condition. Further, after the start phase, there was an MFV decline during complex functioning for the entire sample. These novel results suggest condition-specific features of cerebral hemodynamics in females, and it adds to the notion that gender is a fundamental confounder of brain physiology.     

Über die Messung der psychischen Ermüdung mit Hilfe des Flimmertests

Ohne ZusammenfassungErklärung der Abkürzungen Add.-Lstg. Additionsleistung - AZ Arbeitszeit - B/sec Anzahl der Blitze je Sekundes - KP Kurzpause - Lstg. Leistung - M Mittelwert (arithm. Mittel) - TZ Teilzeit - Vfr. Verschmelzungsfrequenz = Flimmergrenze - VL Versuchsleiter - Vp. Versuchsperson - Vpn. Versuchspersonen - Mittlere Abweichung vom Mittelwert - M Mittlerer Fehler des Mittelwertes