Spirituality and Dream Work in Counseling: Clients’ Experiences

The authors suggest that focusing on dreams in counseling may be a useful framework to explore clients’ spiritual values and beliefs. Because little is known about how spirituality and dream work are integrated in practice, the purpose of this article is to document how some counselors and clients work on spirituality and dreams. Responses of clients who focused on dreams from a spiritual perspective are described and discussed. Relevant clinical issues that counselors may encounter are identified. Recommendations are made for counselors who wish to integrate spirituality and dream work in counseling.An earlier version of this article was presented at the Semi-Annual Meeting of the Association of Mormon Counselors and Psychotherapists, Salt Lake City, Utah, April 2004.     

Erfolg und Mißerfolg im Leistungswetteifer des imbezillen Kindes

Zusammenfassung Vergleicht man imbezille Kinder, die nicht bildungsfähig sind, aufgrund ihres Intelligenzalters (nicht ihres Lebensalters!) mit geistig normalen Kindern, so ist bei einer denkbar einfachen Wetteifertätigkeit der gleiche Entwicklungsverlauf leistungsmotivierten Erlebens und Verhaltens zu beobachten.Sobald die kognitive Struktur des Früher -oder Späterfertigwerdens erfaßt werden kann — was spätestens von einem Intelligenzalter von 3;6 Jahren ab der Fall ist —, wetteifern erstens imbezille wie normale Kinder, zeigen sie zweitens charakteristischen Erfolgs- und Mißerfolgsausdruck mit seinen alterstypischen Veränderungen, sowie drittens einen entwicklungstypischen Wandel a) in den Versuchen zur Bewältigung von Mißerfolg und leistungsthematischen Konflikten und b) in zunehmender Konflikthaftigkeit und realistischerer Beurteilung bei der Vorhersage des eigenen Erfolges. Lediglich in der Ausdauer beim Wetteifern sind die nach Lebensalter älteren Schwachsinnigen den geistig Normalen überlegen, was mit gewissen Voraussagen Lewins übereinstimmt.Die Befunde unterstreichen, daß nicht ein affektiver oder ein körperlich-biologischer, sondern der kognitive Entwicklungsstand entscheidend ist für die Genese der Leistungsmotivation und deren Entwicklungsverlauf. Befunde und Schlußfolgerungen anderer Autoren, die die Fähigkeit des Imbezillen zum Erleben von Erfolg und Mißerfolg in Frage stellen, werden diskutiert.     

Psychometric Evaluation of an Alternate Scoring for the Remote Associates Test

The Remote Associates Test (RAT; Mednick, 1962; Mednick & Mednick, 1967) is a commonly employed test of creative convergent thinking. The RAT is scored with a dichotomous scoring, scoring correct answers as 1 and all other answers as 0. Based on recent research into the information processing underlying RAT performance, we argued that the dichotomous scoring may lead to a loss of potentially relevant information. Thus, we proposed an alternate scoring based on semantic similarity between the answer given by the participant and the correct solution using Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA; Landauer & Dumais, 1997). We evaluate the psychometric properties of the alternate LSA scoring and found evidence of construct validity for the LSA scoring which was comparable to findings for the standard scoring, but not better as we would have expected. Thus, our expectations that LSA-based scoring of the RAT counteracts potential information loss were not met. However, LSA based scorings appear to be a promising alternative for hardly solvable RAT items. We conducted additional analyses comparing different RAT item types with regard to their validity as well as evaluating the information uniquely contained in the LSA scoring. Implications of all finding for existing research using RAT items are discussed.     

Zur Frage der informationstheoretischen Analyse von Wahlreaktionsexperimenten

Ohne ZusammenfassungHerrn Prof. Dr. Karl Mierke zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Sensitive maintenance: a cognitive process underlying individual differences in memory for threatening information

Dispositional styles of coping with threat influence memory for threatening information. In particular, sensitizers excel over repressors in their memory for threatening information after long retention intervals, but not after short ones. We therefore suggested that sensitizers, but not repressors, employ active maintenance processes during the retention interval to selectively retain threatening material. Sensitive maintenance was studied in 2 experiments in which participants were briefly exposed to threatening and nonthreatening pictures (Experiment 1, N = 128) or words (Experiment 2, N = 145). Following, we administered unannounced recognition tests before and after an intervening task that generated either high or low cognitive load, assuming that high cognitive load would impede sensitizers' memory maintenance of threatening material. Supporting our hypotheses, the same pattern of results was obtained in both experiments: Under low cognitive load, sensitizers forgot less threat material than repressors did; no such differences were observed under high cognitive load.     

Estimation of Effect Heterogeneity in Rare Events Meta-Analysis

Psychometrika - The paper outlines several approaches for dealing with meta-analyses of count outcome data. These counts are the accumulation of occurred events, and these events might be rare, so...     

Associations between type of treatment and illness-specific locus of control in type 1 diabetes patients

Abstract

This study examined differences in diabetes-specific locus of control beliefs of 82 insulin-treated Type I diabetes patients undergoing either conventional therapy (CT), intensified conventional therapy (ICT) or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). Compared to CT with its adherence to a strict regimen, ICT and CSII allow a much greater flexibility in timing of meals and daily activities. On the other hand, such flexibility requires a much more active role of the patient. The hypotheses of higher internality and lower powerful others locus of control beliefs in ICT and CSII patients than in CT patients could be supported for powerful others locus of control only. A one-year follow-up replicated this finding. Furthermore, high powerful others locus of control was associated with low diabetes-related knowledge and poor glycaemic control. The relevance of the patients' experience with the respective treatment is examined in view of the results and implications for studies on the feasibility of diabetes regimens are discussed.     

White matter in aphasia: A historical review of the Dejerines’ studies

The Objective was to describe the contributions of Joseph Jules Dejerine and his wife Augusta Dejerine-Klumpke to our understanding of cerebral association fiber tracts and language processing.     

Introduction: The role of shame in psychoanalytic theory and practice

Introducing three papers by Leon Wurmser, Claude Janin and John Steiner the author gives an overview of the development of the concept of shame in psychoanalytic theory and practice. Different aspects of the phenomenon of shame are being discussed including its relation to guilt, object relations and identity as well as the role of gaze when emerging from a psychic retreat.