Intelligence as the efficiency of cue-driven retrieval from secondary memory

Complex-span (working-memory-capacity) tasks are among the most successful predictors of intelligence. One important contributor to this relationship is the ability to efficiently employ cues for the retrieval from secondary memory. Presumably, intelligent individuals can considerably restrict their memory search sets by using such cues and can thereby improve recall performance. We here test this assumption by experimentally manipulating the validity of retrieval cues. When memoranda are drawn from the same semantic category on two successive trials of a verbal complex-span task, the category is a very strong retrieval cue on its first occurrence (strong-cue trial) but loses some of its validity on its second occurrence (weak-cue trial). If intelligent individuals make better use of semantic categories as retrieval cues, their recall accuracy suffers more from this loss of cue validity. Accordingly, our results show that less variance in intelligence is explained by recall accuracy on weak-cue compared with strong-cue trials.     

Is the map in our head oriented north?

We examined how a highly familiar environmental space--one's city of residence--is represented in memory. Twenty-six participants faced a photo-realistic virtual model of their hometown and completed a task in which they pointed to familiar target locations from various orientations. Each participant's performance was most accurate when he or she was facing north, and errors increased as participants' deviation from a north-facing orientation increased. Pointing errors and latencies were not related to the distance between participants' initial locations and the target locations. Our results are inconsistent with accounts of orientation-free memory and with theories assuming that the storage of spatial knowledge depends on local reference frames. Although participants recognized familiar local views in their initial locations, their strategy for pointing relied on a single, north-oriented reference frame that was likely acquired from maps rather than experience from daily exploration. Even though participants had spent significantly more time navigating the city than looking at maps, their pointing behavior seemed to rely on a north-oriented mental map.     

Sex Preferences in Children's Human Figure Drawings

Relevant data as to the sex of the first figure drawn in the DAP were pooled from 19 studies using 5- to 18-year old Ss. 83% of the 4989 boys and 78% of the 4443 girls showed self-sex preference. However, considering age in detail the self-sex proportion of boys significantly exceeds that of girls only from the 11th year on. A significant difference of opposite direction was found with the 7-year olds, but it is impossible so far to determine whether this is an artifact. Results are tentatively explained in terms of the culturally determined learning of sex-role identification.     

Synchronized Linear-Time Temporal Logic

A new combined temporal logic called synchronized linear-time temporal logic (SLTL) is introduced as a Gentzen-type sequent calculus. SLTL can represent the n-Cartesian product of the set of natural numbers. The cut-elimination and completeness theorems for SLTL are proved. Moreover, a display sequent calculus ??SLTL is defined.     

The Power of Belnap: Sequent Systems for <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">SIXTEEN</Emphasis><Subscript><Emphasis Type="Bold">3</Emphasis></Subscript>

The trilattice SIXTEEN₃\textit{SIXTEEN}_3 is a natural generalization of the well-known bilattice FOUR₂\textit{FOUR}_2. Cut-free, sound and complete sequent calculi for truth entailment and falsity entailment in SIXTEEN₃\textit{SIXTEEN}_3 are presented.     

The Sources and Exercise of Authority and the Limits of Sustainable Diversity

This article seeks to address the following two questions: a) What are the sources of authority within your church, and how is authority exercised? b) In your church's understanding, what are the bases for maintaining union and what are the limits of sustainable diversity?     

Logical Connectives for Constructive Modal Logic

Model-theoretic proofs of functional completenes along the lines of [McCullough 1971, Journal of Symbolic Logic 36, 15–20] are given for various constructive modal propositional logics with strong negation.     

《结构存在论》引论

罗姆巴赫的结构现象学思想与东方哲学有着绝妙的契合。在其核心著作《结构存在论》一开篇,罗姆巴赫就明确地通过对老子哲学的阐释来说明他的“结构”概念。无论在艺术,伦理学和宗教信仰还是在科学活动中,结构的构造状态都被视为普全的基本形式;而这种向分支领域扩展的基础在于对现象学视域内存在论的结构分析。同时,他也强调结构只能在活的历史关联中被描述,不存在最终有效的静态结构范畴。     

现象学之道

罗姆巴赫完全赞同海德格尔将现象学方法带入存在论层面的尝试,但同时他力图克服他所理解的海氏缘在分析的狭隘性。在他的结构现象学中,缘在的结构分析必须被置于世界整体的结构生成中才可把握;而这种作为本己真实性的大结构的发生,不仅超越人的缘在也超越自然形式———相应地,对大结构的认识就只有通过密释学才有可能。由此现象学在罗姆巴赫那里“脱离了那种基于人的存在之上的固定”。经此深入,他提出了“深层结构的现象学”,深层现象乃是发生的境遇实践,从这里他迈出了东西方关于缘在体验的共同哲学的第一步。