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231.
Simola J Kuisma J Oörni A Uusitalo L Hyönä J 《Journal of experimental psychology. Applied》2011,17(2):174-190
Human vision is sensitive to salient features such as motion. Therefore, animation and onset of advertisements on Websites may attract visual attention and disrupt reading. We conducted three eye tracking experiments with authentic Web pages to assess whether (a) ads are efficiently ignored, (b) ads attract overt visual attention and disrupt reading, or (c) ads are covertly attended with distraction showing up indirectly in the reading performance. The Web pages contained an ad above a central text and another ad to the right of the text. In Experiments 1, 2, and 3A the task was to read for comprehension. Experiment 1 examined whether the degree of animation affects attention toward the ads. The results showed that ads were overtly attended during reading and that the dwell times on ads were the longest when the ad above was static and the other ad was animated. In Experiments 2 and 3, the ads appeared abruptly after a random time interval. The results showed that attention (i.e., the time when the eyes first entered an ad) was related to the ad onset time. This happened especially for the ad to the right, indicating that ads appearing close to the text region capture overt attention. In Experiment 3B the participants browsed the Web pages according to their own interest. The study demonstrated that salient ads attract overt visual attention and disrupt reading, but during free browsing, ads were viewed more frequently and for longer time than during reading. 相似文献
232.
Oliver Dickhäuser Marc-André Reinhard Chris Englert 《Social Psychology of Education》2011,14(4):519-528
The importance of performance expectancies for the prediction of regulation of behavior and actual performance has long been
established. Building on theories from the field of social cognition, we suggest that the level of performance expectancies,
as well as the certainty of the expectancy, have a joint influence on an individual’s beliefs and behavior. In two studies
(one cross sectional using a sample of secondary school students and one longitudinal using a sample of university students)
we found that expectancies more strongly predicted persistence, and subsequent performance, the more certain the expectancy
was. This pattern was found even if prior performance was controlled, as in Study 2. The data give an indication that it may
be useful to include certainty as an additional variable in expectancy models. 相似文献
233.
Hannu Räty 《Social Psychology of Education》2011,14(3):347-360
This study set out to explore the contribution of parents’ own school memories to the way they remembered their child’s school
years and took part in his/her schooling. The respondents were a group of academically and vocationally educated fathers and
mothers (N = 326), who participated in a full 9-year follow-up study of their child’s schooling. The parents’ own school memories were
found to direct their recollection of their child’s school years in a selectively and evaluatively consistent way, especially
among the fathers and the vocationally educated parents. For example, the parents with negative recollections tended to help
their child to prepare for tests more frequently than parents with more positive recollections did. Parental school memories
seem to function like a general educational attitude in that they relate widely to the parents’ perceptions and actions concerning
their child’s schooling. 相似文献
234.
The present study aimed to contribute to research on sense of coherence (SOC) by answering the following questions: (1) Is SOC lowered by negative life events? (2) Is an initially low or moderate SOC lowered more by negative life events than an initially high SOC? One thousand and twelve female nurses in Sweden responded to a questionnaire on two occasions with more than 1 year apart. On both occasions the participants reported if they have experienced any of 22 negative life events during the past year and rated their SOC. The results gave negative answers to both questions. In addition, SOC was found stable over time and seems to prevent the experience of negative life events. In sum, these results corroborate Antonovsky’s main postulate that SOC is a salutogenic disposition. 相似文献
235.
Sensorimotor synchronization is a crucial function for human daily activities, which relies on the ability of predicting external
events. Synchronization performance, as assessed in finger-tapping (FT) tasks, is characterized by an anticipation tendency,
as the tap generally precedes the pacing event. This synchronization error (SE) depends on many factors, in particular on
the features of the pacing stimulus. Interest is growing in the facilitation effect that action observation has on motor execution.
So far, neuroimaging and neurophysiology studies of motor priming via action observation have mainly employed tasks requiring
single action instances. The impact of action observation on motor synchronization to periodic stimuli has not yet been tested;
to this aim, a synchronization FT task may be an eligible probing task. The purpose of this study was to characterize a biological
pacer at the behavioral level and provide information for those interested in studying the brain processes of continuous observation/execution
coupling in timed actions using FT tasks. We evaluated the influence of the biological appearance of a pacer (a tapping finger)
on SE, when compared to an abstract, kinematically equivalent pacer (a tilting hinged bar) and a more standard stimulus (a
pulsating dot). We showed that the continuous visual display of a biological pacer yields comparable results to the abstract
pacer, and a more robust performance and larger anticipations than a traditional pulsating stimulus. 相似文献
236.
Kaakinen JK Hyönä J Viljanen M 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2011,64(7):1372-1387
In the study, 33 participants viewed photographs from either a potential homebuyer's or a burglar's perspective, or in preparation for a memory test, while their eye movements were recorded. A free recall and a picture recognition task were performed after viewing. The results showed that perspective had rapid effects, in that the second fixation after the scene onset was more likely to land on perspective-relevant than on perspective-irrelevant areas within the scene. Perspective-relevant areas also attracted longer total fixation time, more visits, and longer first-pass dwell times than did perspective-irrelevant areas. As for the effects of visual saliency, the first fixation was more likely to land on a salient than on a nonsalient area; salient areas also attracted more visits and longer total fixation time than did nonsalient areas. Recall and recognition performance reflected the eye fixation results: Both were overall higher for perspective-relevant than for perspective-irrelevant scene objects. The relatively low error rates in the recognition task suggest that participants had gained an accurate memory for scene objects. The findings suggest that the role of bottom-up versus top-down factors varies as a function of viewing task and the time-course of scene processing. 相似文献
237.
Previous research studies on spatial presence point out that the users' imagery abilities are of importance. However, this influence has not yet been tested for different media. This is surprising because theoretical considerations suggest that mental imagery comes into play when a mediated environment lacks vividness. The aim of this study was to clarify the influence mental imagery abilities can have on the sensation of presence and enjoyment in different mediated environments. We presented the participants (n?=?60) a narrative text, a movie sequence, and a computer game. Across all media, no effect of mental imagery abilities on presence and enjoyment was found, but imagery abilities marginally interacted with the mediated environment. Individuals with high imagery abilities experienced more presence and enjoyment in the text condition. The results were different for the film condition: here, individuals with poor imagery abilities reported marginally higher enjoyment ratings, whereas the presence ratings did not differ between the two groups. Imagery abilities had no influence on presence and enjoyment within the computer game condition. The results suggest that good imagery abilities contribute to the sensations of presence and enjoyment when reading a narrative text. The results for this study have an applied impact for media use because their effectiveness can depend on the individual mental imagery abilities. 相似文献
238.
Margot Kässmann 《The Ecumenical review》2011,63(1):5-15
Taking as a starting point the debate that began following a televised sermon in which she questioned German military action in Afghanistan, Margot Kässmann reviews the contemporary challenges about war and peace that face society and churches. Drawing on the experience of the ecumenical movement in the 20th century, Kässmann argues for the need for a “just peace” perspective to which religions can contribute by mediating in armed conflicts, engaging in dialogue and promoting trust across national, cultural and religious boundaries. In such a “just peace” perspective, state actors need to invest funds, energy, people and imagination into areas of conflict before the outbreak of violence. 相似文献
239.
Three aspects of free association, namely the technical aspect, the aspect of content and the processual aspect, are examined in terms of the ideological development of this concept, which is still central for psychoanalysis. Further, it is shown that the theoretical conception of free association and of its claim and scope as well as the communication of the fundamental rule have changed in the course of time. New studies in basic research could lead to a reassessment of free association. 相似文献
240.
Franziska Clemens Pär Anders Granhag Leif A. Strömwall Aldert Vrij Sara Landström Emma Roos af Hjelmsäter Maria Hartwig 《Applied cognitive psychology》2010,24(7):925-940
Research has shown that cues to deception are more salient as an effect of strategic use of evidence (SUE) during interviews. This study examined the feasibility of the SUE‐technique for eliciting cues to children's deception. Experiment 1 investigated verbal cues to deception as a function of early vs. late disclosure of evidence. Eighty‐four children (12–14 years) either guilty or innocent of a mock crime were interviewed. As predicted, deceptive statements were significantly more inconsistent with the evidence than truthful statements, and this was more pronounced as a function of late compared to early disclosure of evidence. In Experiment 2, adult observers (N = 168) made veracity assessments of the videotaped statements. Observers in the late disclosure condition achieved an accuracy rate higher than chance (63.1%), whereas accuracy rates in the early disclosure condition were at chance level (56%). Accuracy rates were significantly higher for truthful (70.2%), than deceptive statements (48.8%). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献