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61.
Landmark use has been demonstrated in a variety of organisms, yet the manner in which landmarks are encoded and subsequently
used appears to vary between and sometimes within species, even when faced with identical landmark arrays. In the present
experiments, orangutans and human children were shown a square array of identical landmarks and were trained to locate a hidden
goal in the centre of the array. In Experiments 1 and 2, the search space appeared to be discrete, with white gridlines dividing
up the space, and in Experiments 3a and 3b, the search space was uniformly coloured, making it appear continuous. In all experiments,
following training, subjects were given a single expansion test, to determine their landmark strategy use, based on peak search
activity. The orangutans appeared to use absolute directional vectors from individual landmarks, with peak search activities
on the inner corners of the square array, and they used this strategy persistently. In contrast, human children showed two
landmark-based strategies, absolute directional vectors and a relational or “middle” strategy, with the majority of children
starting their search in the middle region. Although some children, especially young children, persistently used one strategy
like the orangutans, many changed strategies when the original one failed to yield the hidden goal. 相似文献
62.
63.
Gerrit Hirschfeld Heidrun Bien Meinou de Vries Heidi Lüttmann Johannes Schwall 《Behavior research methods》2010,42(2):542-546
Several software programs exist to assist researchers in setting up online questionnaires. Existing tools are of little help
for delivering online rating studies, for which it is often desirable to collect data from participants for only a subset
of a stimulus set. OR-Vis enables researchers to quickly set up online rating studies by supplying the set of items to be
rated, the number of stimuli an individual participant responds to, the number of participants an item is shown to, and the
rating questions. The software then generates and delivers unique questionnaires for each participant, while managing the
data collection process. The present article describes OR-Vis, its installation process, and how to use it to gather data.
OR-Vis is open-source software and can be downloaded from www.orvis.uni-muenster.de. 相似文献
64.
An experimental analysis was conducted to determine the effects of involvement, commentator framing, and gender on viewer
attitudes toward female athletes. The sample was comprised of 112 students at a mid-western university in the United States.
Hypotheses and research questions were tested through a 2 × 3 multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results indicated
the overall MANCOVA was significant. Involvement was positively related to viewer attitudes’ towards the dependent variables
and explained 27.8% of the variance. Gender explained 39.3% of the variance in attitudes as male viewers had significantly
lower mean scores on all dependent variables. Male viewers had significantly lower scores than female viewers in the positive
framing condition; the interaction explained 8% of the variance in viewers’ perceptions of respectability of female athletes. 相似文献
65.
Massetti GM Lahey BB Pelham WE Loney J Ehrhardt A Lee SS Kipp H 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(3):399-410
The predictive validity of symptom criteria for different subtypes of ADHD among children who were impaired in at least one
setting in early childhood was examined. Academic achievement was assessed seven times over 8 years in 125 children who met
symptom criteria for ADHD at 4–6 years of age and in 130 demographically-matched non-referred comparison children. When intelligence
and other confounds were controlled, children who met modified criteria for the predominantly inattentive subtype of ADHD
in wave 1 had lower reading, spelling, and mathematics scores over time than both comparison children and children who met
modified criteria for the other subtypes of ADHD. In some analyses, children who met modified criteria for the combined type
had somewhat lower mathematics scores than comparison children. The robust academic deficits relative to intelligence in the
inattentive group in this age range suggest either that inattention results in academic underachievement or that some children
in the inattentive group have learning disabilities that cause secondary symptoms of inattention. Unexpectedly, wave 1 internalizing
(anxiety and depression) symptoms independently predicted deficits in academic achievement controlling ADHD, intelligence,
and other predictors. 相似文献
66.
Multiple channel exposure therapy (M-CET; Falsetti & Resnick, 2000) was developed to treat posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with comorbid panic attacks and can be administered in a group format. In addition to being a cost-effective way to provide treatment, group treatment for those with PTSD has been proposed as potentially very beneficial for addressing feelings of shame related to the traumatic event as well as social isolation in general (Foy et al., 2000). Previous studies of M-CET indicate that it may be effective for the treatment of PTSD with comorbid panic attacks (Falsetti et al., 2001, 2003, 2005). The authors examine the relationship of PTSD and panic symptoms pre- and posttreatment and present 6-month follow-up data on the long-term effectiveness of M-CET. 相似文献
67.
Two studies examined knowledge of and attitudes toward Bush v. Gore , the Supreme Court decision that ended Election 2000, to examine the effects of a strong counterattitudinal message about a high-relevance issue. Republicans reported the most positive attitudes, while high-identification Democrats possessed the most accurate knowledge (Study 1); high-identification participants rated Bush v. Gore as more important and personally relevant than those less identified. Upon persuasion, high-identification Republicans maintained positive attitudes unrelated to knowledge and issue importance, while Democrats and low-identification Republicans reported negative attitudes predicted by persuasion (Study 2). High-identification Republicans reported more positive and fewer negative emotions upon persuasion, with emotions most predictive of attitudes. Implications for the role of emotions in resistance to persuasion are discussed. 相似文献
68.
Huttenlocher J Vasilyeva M Waterfall HR Vevea JL Hedges LV 《Developmental psychology》2007,43(5):1062-1083
This article examines caregiver speech to young children. The authors obtained several measures of the speech used to children during early language development (14-30 months). For all measures, they found substantial variation across individuals and subgroups. Speech patterns vary with caregiver education, and the differences are maintained over time. While there are distinct levels of complexity for different caregivers, there is a common pattern of increase across age within the range that characterizes each educational group. Thus, caregiver speech exhibits both long-standing patterns of linguistic behavior and adjustment for the interlocutor. This information about the variability of speech by individual caregivers provides a framework for systematic study of the role of input in language acquisition. 相似文献
69.
This study examined the impact of a genetics education module provided by Reach to Recovery peer volunteers. Participants
included 113 women with confirmed breast cancer diagnoses. Eighty-eight of these women (78%) completed a baseline survey,
participated in a peer-led intervention, and completed a follow-up survey. Approximately half of the women received an education
module that included a genetic component, while the other half did not. Results indicated that women who received the genetics
module had greater increases in genetics knowledge than the group that did not receive the module. However, follow-up interest
in genetic testing was not significantly different between the two groups. Results indicate that a peer-led genetics module
can increase knowledge about genetics. However, it does not appear to have a differential effect on genetic testing interest. 相似文献
70.
Loftus AM Nicholls ME Mattingley JB Chapman HL Bradshaw JL 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2009,62(5):925-945
Patients with unilateral neglect of the left side bisect physical lines to the right whereas individuals with an intact brain bisect lines slightly to the left (pseudoneglect). Similarly, for mental number lines, which are arranged in a left-to-right ascending sequence, neglect patients bisect to the right. This study determined whether individuals with an intact brain show pseudoneglect for mental number lines. In Experiment 1, participants were presented with visual number triplets (e.g., 16, 36, 55) and determined whether the numerical distance was greater on the left or right side of the inner number. Despite changing the spatial configuration of the stimuli, or their temporal order, the numerical length on the left was consistently overestimated. The fact that the bias was unaffected by physical stimulus changes demonstrates that the bias is based on a mental representation. The leftward bias was also observed for sets of negative numbers (Experiment 2)--demonstrating not only that the number line extends into negative space but also that the bias is not the result of an arithmetic distortion caused by logarithmic scaling. The leftward bias could be caused by a rounding-down effect. Using numbers that were prone to large or small rounding-down errors, Experiment 3 showed no effect of rounding down. The task demands were changed in Experiment 4 so that participants determined whether the inner number was the true arithmetic centre or not. Participants mistook inner numbers shifted to the left to be the true numerical centre--reflecting leftward overestimation. The task was applied to 3 patients with right parietal damage with severe, moderate, or no spatial neglect (Experiment 5). A rightward bias was observed, which depended on the severity of neglect symptoms. Together, the data demonstrate a reliable and robust leftward bias for mental number line bisection, which reverses in clinical neglect. The bias mirrors pseudoneglect for physical lines and most likely reflects an expansion of the space occupied by lower numbers on the left side of the line and a contraction of space for higher numbers located on the right. 相似文献