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811.
812.
Participants were asked to recall the names when shown photographs of faces in both a semantic task (Experiment 1) and an episodic task (Experiments 2 and 3). When recall failed, feeling of knowing (FOK) ratings were solicited. In addition, participants reported on the strategies that they used to make their ratings, whether they could recall other pieces of information (the target-accessibility strategy, e.g., Koriat, A. (1993). How do we know that? The accessibility model of the feeling of knowing. Psychological Review, 100, 609–639) or whether the faces simply looked familiar (the cue-familiarity strategy, e.g., Schwartz, B. L., & Metcalfe, J. (1992). Cue familiarity but not target accessibility enhances feeling of knowing ratings. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 1074–1083). In all experiments, FOK ratings were fairly accurate in that participants were successful in predicting their performance on a subsequent recognition test. More importantly, participants reported using the cue-familiarity strategy more often, although they gave higher FOK ratings when they reported using the target-accessibility strategy. The FOK ratings that were given using the two strategies were equally accurate. 相似文献
813.
Mental health has long been defined as the absence of psychopathologies, such as depression and anxiety. The absence of mental
illness, however, is a minimal outcome from a psychological perspective on lifespan development. This article therefore focuses
on mental illness as well as on three core components of positive mental health: feelings of happiness and satisfaction with
life (emotional well-being), positive individual functioning in terms of self-realization (psychological well-being), and
positive societal functioning in terms of being of social value (social well-being). The two continua model holds that mental
illness and mental health are related but distinct dimensions. This model was studied on the basis of a cross-sectional representative
internet survey of Dutch adults (N = 1,340; 18–87 years). Mental illness was measured with the Brief Symptom Inventory and mental health with the Mental Health
Continuum Short Form. It was found that older adults, except for the oldest-old, scored lower on psychopathological symptoms
and were less likely to be mentally ill than younger adults. Although there were fewer age differences for mental health,
older adults experienced more emotional, similar social and slightly lower psychological well-being. In sum, today’s older
adults have fewer mental illness problems, but they are not in a better positive mental health than today’s younger adults.
These findings support the validity of the two continua model in adult development. 相似文献
814.
Cheri?A.?Levinson Thomas?L.?RodebaughEmail author Tiffany?Frye 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(1):87-100
The Behavioral Inhibition System and Behavioral Activation System Scales (BIS/BAS scales) are the most widely used measures
designed to assess Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory. However, questions remain regarding its factor, convergent, and
discriminant validity. We assessed these properties in two samples of undergraduates (N = 723, N = 103). In Study 1, confirmatory factor analysis supported previous findings that suggested removal of several items, resulting
in acceptable fit for a four-factor model. Convergent and discriminant validity were assessed for the original and revised
scales. In Study 2, a public speaking task was used to assess validity of the scales in reference to positive/negative affect.
Convergent and discriminant validity for the revised scales were not substantially different from the original scales. We
suggest that future researchers should consider the use of the revised measure we describe. We also suggest that the creation
of a revised BIS/BAS scale using new items may be warranted. 相似文献
815.
Although analogical reasoning has long been a popular method of reasoning in bioethics, current literature does not sufficiently
grasp its variety. We assert that the main shortcoming is the fact that an analogy’s value is often judged on the extent of
similarity between the source situation and the target situation, while in (bio)ethics, analogies are often used because of certain dissimilarities rather than in spite of them. We make a clear distinction between dissimilarities that aim to reinforce a similar approach in the source situation
and the target situation and dissimilarities that aim to undermine or denounce a similar approach. The former kind of dissimilarity
offers the analogy more normative force than if there were no dissimilarities present; this is often overlooked by authors
who regard all relevant dissimilarities as detrimental to the analogy’s strength. Another observation is that an evaluation
of the normative force of an analogy cannot be made independently of moral principles or theories. Without these, one cannot
select which elements in an analogy are morally relevant nor determine how they should be interpreted. 相似文献
816.
Dr. Dr. Wilfried Ruff Dorothee von Ekesparre Yvonne Grabenstedt Michal Kaiser-Livne Walter L?ngl Waltraud Nagell 《Forum der Psychoanalyse》2011,27(1):43-60
Failures and transgressions in psychoanalyses are nowadays more often published and also ascribed to mistakes made by the therapists. In German professional literature, however, no difference is made between treatment errors due to the special method and serious malpractice. The authors show in case studies transgressions in the psychoanalytic setting und discuss their causes and consequences. 相似文献
817.
The ability to discriminate the physical states of others could be an adaptive behavior, especially for social animals. For example, the ability to discriminate illness behavior would be helpful for avoiding spoiled foods. We report on an experiment with Japanese quails testing whether these birds can discriminate the physical states of conspecifics. The quails were trained to discriminate between moving video images of quails injected with psychoactive drugs and those in a normal (not injected) condition. Methamphetamine (stimulant) or ketamine (anesthetic) were used to produce drug-induced behaviors in conspecifics. The former induced hyperactive behavior and the latter hypoactive behavior. The subject quails could learn the discrimination and showed generalization to novel images of the drug-induced behaviors. They did not, however, show discriminative behavior according to the type and dosage of the drugs. Thus, they categorized the behavior not on the basis of degree of activity, but on the basis of abnormality. 相似文献
818.
819.
820.
E.?Paul?WileytoEmail author Janet?Audrain-Mcgovern Leonard?H.?Epstein Caryn?Lerman 《Behavior research methods》2004,36(1):41-51
The monetary choice questionnaire (MCQ) and similar computer tasks ask preference questions in order to ascertain indifference,
the perceived equivalence of immediate versus larger delayed rewards. Indifference data are then fitted with a hyperbolic
function, summarizing the decline in perceived value with delay time. We present a fitting method that estimates the hyperbolic
parameterk directly from survey responses. Binary preferences are modeled as a function of time (X2) and a transformed reward ratio (X
1), yielding logistic regression coefficients β2 and β1. The hyperbolic parameter emerges ask = β2/β1, where the logistic predictedp = .5 (the definition of indifference). The MCQ was administered to 1,073 adolescents and was scored using both standard and
logistic methods. The means for ln(k) were similar (standard, −4.53; logistic, −4.51), and the results were highly correlated (ρ = .973). Simulated MCQ data showed
thatk was unbiased, except where β1 ≥ −1, indicating a vague survey response. Jackknife standard errors provided excellent coverage. 相似文献