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601.
Change of perspective in discourse comprehension: encoding and retrieval processes after brain injury 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Damage to frontal areas has been associated with nonaphasic language disturbances in which word and sentence level processes remain largely intact but text level processes are impaired. Most studies providing evidence for these language deficits have concentrated on text production. To study text comprehension of nonaphasic patients, we adopted the paradigm of Anderson and Pichert (1978) that was developed to separate encoding from retrieval processes. Subjects read a story under one of two alternative perspectives and subsequently recalled it. After this first recall, they were instructed to now adopt the second perspective and to recall the story once more. Twenty-four brain-injured patients participated. Each patient's lesion was evaluated with respect to the involvement of right- and/or left-frontal regions. Seven patients showed unilateral left-frontal lesions, five patients unilateral right-frontal lesions, four patients had bilateral frontal damage, and the lesions of the remaining eight patients did not involve frontal areas. The only factor predicting behavioral results was the presence of a left-frontal lesion. For patients without frontal lesions and patients with unilateral right-frontal lesions, we replicated previously reported results. Encoding relevant information was recalled better than other information. Furthermore, the switch of perspective aided recall of perspective relevant information during the second recall. In contrast, patients with left-frontal or bilateral frontal lesions could not make use of the perspective instructions. While they showed comparable recall performance, as well as sensitivity to the relative ease of information, neither the encoding instructions nor the switch instructions had an impact on the recall patterns. These results suggest that left-frontal damage leads to an impairment of goal directed text processing skills. 相似文献
602.
Brian L. Cutler Hedy R. Dexter Steven D. Penrod 《Journal of applied social psychology》1990,20(14):1197-1207
Tested the effects, on juror decision making, of court-appointed expert testimony and judge's instructions designed to sensitize jurors to eyewitness evidence. Subjects ( N = 144) viewed a videotaped trial in which the primary evidence was the testimony of and identification by an eyewitness. Three levels of expert advice (court-appointed expert, judge's instructions, no expert advice) were crossed with two levels of witnessing and identification conditions and two levels of witness confidence The court-appointed expert produced skepticism toward the identification but did not improve juror sensitivity to the eyewitness evidence. The judge's instructions produced neither skepticism or sensitization effects. 相似文献
603.
Jennica Rogers Jacob Shane Luise von Keyserlingk Jutta Heckhausen 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2023,17(11):e12859
Although university students tend to be optimistic about their future socioeconomic status (SES), little is known how their SES aspirations changed during the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using latent growth curve modeling techniques, we examined changes in subjective SES aspirations for students who began college before the pandemic (cohort 1; Fall 2019) and students who began college during the pandemic (cohort 2; Fall 2020). Moreover, we assessed how SES indicators (i.e., subjective family SES; first-generation status; low-income status) and a contextual financial indicator (i.e., pandemic-related financial impacts) predicted changes in SES aspirations for both groups of students. Although SES aspirations were similar at the beginning of college for both groups of students, students who began college before the pandemic experienced a greater rate of downward change between the baseline assessment and the assessment shortly after the pandemic began. In both cohorts, students from higher-SES families had higher SES aspirations at the beginning of college and steeper rates of downward change. Furthermore, despite having similar SES aspirations at the beginning of college, first-generation students whose first year was interrupted by the pandemic experienced steeper downward changes in their SES aspirations. However, pandemic-related financial impacts did not predict this downward change for either cohort. Our findings suggest that uncertainty in the early stages of the pandemic may have led to cautiousness in students' aspirations for their future SES attainment, particularly for first-generation students. 相似文献
604.
Why do leaders engage in destructive behaviours? The role of leaders’ working environment and stress
Susanne Tafvelin Robert Lundmark Ulrica von Thiele Schwarz Andreas Stenling 《Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology》2023,96(1):165-181
Complementing previous research on antecedents of destructive leadership, we examined the role of work stressors in the emergence of active and passive destructive leadership behaviours. Building on conservation of resources theory, we examined direct and indirect relations between leaders’ perceptions of workload, role ambiguity and intragroup conflict on ratings of their own destructive leadership, as well as mediating paths through perceived stress. We used a two-wave survey design consisting of a random sample of 1311 managers. Structural equation modelling revealed that work stressors were only related to passive forms of destructive leadership, whereas personality was related to both active and passive forms of destructive leadership. Implications for research and practice are discussed. 相似文献
605.
Erika S. DeJonghe G. Anne Bogat Alytia A. Levendosky Alexander von Eye William S. Davidson 《Infant mental health journal》2005,26(3):268-281
The current study examined whether one‐year‐old infants whose mothers had been victims of domestic violence during the infant's lifetime (exposed; n = 30), compared to those who had not (not exposed; n = 59), would be more likely to experience distress in response to a simulated verbal conflict and whether amount of distress expressed would be influenced by infant temperament. Infants were videotaped during and for five minutes after an experimenter pretended to have a telephone argument. Exposure to domestic violence was related to infant distress following the episode of simulated adult verbal conflict. Temperamental activity, adaptability, and negative mood predicted greater distress only among non‐exposed infants. Findings suggest that while only temperamentally more reactive infants would typically display distress in response to verbal conflict, infants exposed to domestic violence may be likely to display distress in response to verbal conflict regardless of temperament. 相似文献
606.
Erfahrungen bei telefonischen Befragungen von Müttern mit und ohne postpartal depressiven Symptomen werden berichtet. Die Vor- und Nachteile telefonischer Interviews werden diskutiert. Die ökonomischen und logistischen Vorteile gegenüber Face-to-face-Interviews kommen vor allem bei größeren Entfernungen zum Wohnort zum Tragen. Insbesondere für problemorientierte Fragestellungen (z. B. Depression) scheinen telefonische Interviews eine in der Bevölkerung akzeptierte Alternative zu sein. 相似文献
607.
Using a multi‐feature paradigm to measure mismatch responses to minimal sound contrasts in children with cochlear implants and hearing aids
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Inger Uhlén Elisabet Engström Petter Kallioinen Cecilia Nakeva von Mentzer Björn Lyxell Birgitta Sahlén Magnus Lindgren Marianne Ors 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2017,58(5):409-421
Our aim was to explore whether a multi‐feature paradigm (Optimum‐1) for eliciting mismatch negativity (MMN) would objectively capture difficulties in perceiving small sound contrasts in children with hearing impairment (HI) listening through their hearing aids (HAs) and/or cochlear implants (CIs). Children aged 5–7 years with HAs, CIs and children with normal hearing (NH) were tested in a free‐field setting using a multi‐feature paradigm with deviations in pitch, intensity, gap, duration, and location. There were significant mismatch responses across all subjects that were positive (p‐MMR) for the gap and pitch deviants (F(1,43) = 5.17, p = 0.028 and F(1,43) = 6.56, p = 0.014, respectively) and negative (MMN) for the duration deviant (F(1,43) = 4.74, p = 0.035). Only the intensity deviant showed a significant group interaction with MMN in the HA group and p‐MMR in the CI group (F(2,43) = 3.40, p = 0.043). The p‐MMR correlated negatively with age, with the strongest correlation in the NH subjects. In the CI group, the late discriminative negativity (LDN) was replaced by a late positivity with a significant group interaction for the location deviant. Children with severe HI can be assessed through their hearing device with a fast multi‐feature paradigm. For further studies a multi‐feature paradigm including more complex speech sounds may better capture variation in auditory processing in these children. 相似文献
608.
Wolfgang Wiedermann Richard Artner Alexander von Eye 《Multivariate behavioral research》2017,52(2):222-241
Heteroscedasticity is a well-known issue in linear regression modeling. When heteroscedasticity is observed, researchers are advised to remedy possible model misspecification of the explanatory part of the model (e.g., considering alternative functional forms and/or omitted variables). The present contribution discusses another source of heteroscedasticity in observational data: Directional model misspecifications in the case of nonnormal variables. Directional misspecification refers to situations where alternative models are equally likely to explain the data-generating process (e.g., x → y versus y → x). It is shown that the homoscedasticity assumption is likely to be violated in models that erroneously treat true nonnormal predictors as response variables. Recently, Direction Dependence Analysis (DDA) has been proposed as a framework to empirically evaluate the direction of effects in linear models. The present study links the phenomenon of heteroscedasticity with DDA and describes visual diagnostics and nine homoscedasticity tests that can be used to make decisions concerning the direction of effects in linear models. Results of a Monte Carlo simulation that demonstrate the adequacy of the approach are presented. An empirical example is provided, and applicability of the methodology in cases of violated assumptions is discussed. 相似文献
609.
Catherine Gunzenhauser Antje von Suchodoletz Megan M. McClelland 《European Journal of Developmental Psychology》2017,14(4):489-497
The frequency of using cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression strategies to regulate emotions has been associated with social-emotional adjustment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the Parent-Rating Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (P-ERQ), a parent-rating version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) in children aged five to six years. Children from Germany (N = 112) and the U.S. (N = 59) participated. Confirmatory factor analyses of P-ERQ data from Germany indicated a two-factor structure that closely reflected the factor structure of the adult ERQ with adequate scale reliabilities. Correlations with a measure of coping strategies supported the convergent validity of the P-ERQ. Cross-country measurement invariance analyses between samples from Germany and the U.S. suggested partial scalar invariance for the cognitive reappraisal subscale and metric invariance for the expressive suppression subscale. Findings provide preliminary evidence that the P-ERQ can be recommended for use in developmental research. 相似文献
610.
Monica Hartzell Jaakko Seikkula Anne-Liis von Knorring 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2009,31(3):177-192
The first meeting in psychotherapeutic and psychosocial work, has a big impact on the continuation. It is a less explored
research field. Children’s “voices” tend to come in the back-ground in family therapy and other settings. In a project at
CAP (Child and Adolescent Psychiatry) the children’s views were collected in interviews with parents and therapists present.
The grounded theory analysis process was used. The children addressed the importance of the therapist’s actions and positions
in helping them to be able to communicate and to be in a dialogue. To be accepted and allowed to express feelings was important,
and so was how the therapist managed to adjust to each person in the room and give space for various perspectives. 相似文献