Trends in Gender Differences in Academic Achievement from 1960 to 1994: An Analysis of Differences in Mean,Variance, and Extreme Scores

Gender differences in academic achievement have been studied extensively. While it is generally agreed that females have a slight advantage on average in verbal abilities and males have a slight advantage on average in mathematics, it is unclear whether these differences have changed over time. In this paper evidence from seven surveys representative of the United States twelth grade student population and the National Assessment of Educational Progress(NAEP) long term trend data is brought to bear on the magnitude of gender differences in achievement, the level of agreement among different indices of difference, and the stability of these differences over time. These data provide the unique opportunity to not only empirically estimate mean differences, differences in variance, and differences in extreme scores, but also to estimate change over time in all three indices using both the same and different tests over time. Results show that gender differences in mean and variance are small, while differences in extreme scores are often substantial. None of these differences have changed significantly since 1960, with the possible exception of mean differences in mathematics and science. Each of the datasets reflects the racial composition of the national population when properly weighted (i.e. White = 70%, Black = 15%,Hispanic = 10%, Other = 5%).     

Development of a diary for use with ambulatory monitoring of mood,activities, and physiological function

This paper describes three studies developed and providing preliminary validation for a pocket-size, self-monitoring diary suitable for use infield research on relationships among psychological states, activities, and physiological events. In the first study, a principal-components analysis of the diary's mood and cognition scales yielded three factors—negative affect, engagement, and predictability. These showed moderate concordance across two samples. In the second study, diary self-ratings of events, moods, and cognitions were shown to be meaningfully correlated with ratings made by spouse observers, providing evidence of concurrent validity of the diary. In the third study, diary ratings made by the same subjects at home, at work, and in other locations differed from each other in expected ways, providing evidence for discriminative validity. Modifications to the diary are suggested, and possible uses and limitations of the instrument are discussed.This research was supported by USUHS protocol RO7233 and a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. The opinions and assertions expressed herein are those of the authors and should not be construed as reflecting those of the USUHS or the Department of Defense.     

Can Empathy Promote Cooperation When Status and Money Matter?

Abstract

In the present study we ask, Does empathy also support cooperative behaviors when the status (high, low) of an individual differs relative to other group members and is determined by either chance or effort? In response to this unexplored question, the present study involved a series of 4 experiments using a linear public goods game (Experiment 1–3, 4-player; Experiment 4, 2-player). Regardless of the way in which status was achieved (chance, effort), those with low status cooperated more compared with their high-status counterparts. Empathy in and of itself revealed very small overall increases in cooperative behavior. Overall, status and monetary incentives appear to be more salient than empathy in guiding behaviors in a social dilemma task.     

男性不育症临床工作的问题与思考

在临床工作中,不育越来越受到大家的重视,但仍然有许多问题困扰着我们的医疗工作者,多数医生能对男性不育症做出诊断,并给予治疗.但是由于生殖问题的复杂性和我们认识的局限性,不育症的治疗效果并不满意.在不育症诊断和治疗的思路、方法和方式中仍有许多值得探讨和改进之处.     

健康素养促进型组织的概念内涵、测量工具及其影响因素

通过对健康素养促进型组织的概念内涵、测评工具以及影响因素进行综述,以期引起国内学者和实践者的关注,为我国健康素养促进型组织研究提供参考。综述结果表明,健康素养促进型组织概念内涵发展逐渐趋同;测量工具多以10项特征为基础结合各机构实际状况进行构建,分为医疗机构、服务人群以及综合视角三大类;影响因素方面主要涉及组织文化、人力资源、患者参与和组织支持等。建议将构建健康素养促进型组织作为落实健康中国战略的重要措施,积极开展适应中国情境的健康素养促进型组织理论研究,加快推进我国医疗机构的健康素养促进型组织建设。

     

韩非的“因道全法”思想

"因道全法"是韩非法治思想的核心,依据客观法则全面以法治国是"因道全法"的现代话语解释。韩非从老子的"道法自然"出发创建"道""理"法哲学,"道"产生"理","理"符合"道","道理"共同构成客观法则,法产自并遵从"道理"。"因道全法"即全面以法治国,包括法外无人,法律面前人人平等;"用法弃仁",万事皆从法;"言行不轨于法令者必禁";"世异则事异"和"不重变法"相结合。"因道全法"的目的是张扬君权,君主要遵守"国道"、"常道"和"治道"。"以法为本"、法术势结合是"因道全法"思想的操作系统。"因道全法"思想集中表现了韩非"君主论"对中国传统法治理论的突出贡献。     

Some Cautions for Research on Personality and Health

This article comments on three conceptualizations of the relationship between personality and disease as they relate to the papers in this issue. Despite the sophistication and promise of recent research in this area, conceptual and methodological difficulties present in earlier psychosomatic research have persisted. In this area, robust and convincing associations between traits and disease remain largely elusive, and stable, valid measures of psychological factors are relatively rare. In addition, the mechanisms relating behavior to health are sometimes sketchy or overstated. We suggest that the most productive research strategies will focus on mechanisms linking behavior to health, rather than merely correlating traits with measures of disease. Needed are continued close attention to these pitfalls by researchers as well as the maintenance of a critical attitude by readers.     

学校资源与早期青少年心理社会适应的关系：一项潜在转变分析

以1012名初一学生为被试进行3年的追踪研究, 采用潜在剖面分析与潜在转变分析考察了早期青少年心理社会适应的亚组分化与转变情况, 以及学校资源与性别在青少年发展适应中的作用。结果发现：(1)初一时青少年的心理社会适应分化成2个亚组：适应良好组与内化问题组, 初二与初三时青少年分化成4个适应亚组：适应良好组、内化问题组、外化问题组和同伴拒绝组; (2)从初二到初三, 适应良好组和内化问题组的青少年保持了较高的稳定性, 同伴拒绝组和外化问题组的青少年向适应良好组转变的概率最高; (3)拥有更多学校资源的青少年更可能处于或保留在适应良好组, 同时在初二时拥有更多学校资源的外化问题组和同伴拒绝组的青少年在初三时更可能向适应良好组转变; (4)初二时女生更大概率地进入内化问题组。研究结果有助于深化对早期青少年心理社会适应发展模式多样性的理解, 并提示教育人员有必要对青少年适应状况进行全面筛查和动态监测, 以便针对适应亚组和性别特点制定更为复杂的预防和干预方案。     

浅析蕴含在神经外科技术发展过程中的辩证思维

自然辩证法揭示了自然界以及科学技术发展的一般规律,神经外科学也不例外.纵观现代神经外科学一百多年来的技术变革和发展历程,无不渗透着辩证思想的影响.作为科学的认识论和方法论.自然辩证法对神经外科技术发展和临床实践的指导意义值得我们重视,本文对矛盾规律、质量互变规律、否定之否定规律、内因与外因、偶然性与必然性等范畴或规律在神经外科技术变革过程中的体现和意叉进行了探讨.     

自上而下的因素对掩蔽启动中自动加工过程的影响

本文综述并探讨了自上而下因素的调节对启动过程的影响作用。自上而下因素的调节作用是指根据外界不断更新的对行为的要求, 大脑皮层的活动被设定于某种特殊的工作模式中。启动过程是指先前出现的启动刺激对随后目标刺激加工的易化和抑制, 是自动加工过程的体现。近年来, 部分研究认为启动范式引发的自动加工过程(包括知觉加工、语义加工和反应过程)可受到与注意、任务相关的自上而下因素的调节, 例如, 任务指导语的作用、对注意范围的设定等等。本文对此领域的研究及年龄因素进行了总结、分析和展望。启动效应可受到自上而下的注意、目的、任务要求等因素的调节, 且存在年龄因素的影响。