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961.
OBJECTIVES: To provide a methodological overview of a computerized intervention to promote leisure time physical activity (PA) and to apply self-determination theory (SDT) to PA initiation to better understand the psychological mechanisms underlying PA frequency, intensity, and duration in previously-sedentary individuals. DESIGN: Based on SDT, two computerized personal trainers were developed for use with sedentary young adults. One personal trainer was designed to be need-supportive, empathic, and structured while the other was designed to be more controlling, evaluative, and judgmental. METHOD: Participants are randomly assigned to work with either the need-supportive or controlling computerized personal trainer. They complete a series of 7 weekly training sessions. In between training sessions, participants complete daily records of PA behaviors and experiences including autonomous self-regulation and perceived competence for PA and PA frequency, intensity, and duration. POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS: The design of this intervention and its theoretical basis have important implications for advancing the field of exercise science specifically and health behavior change more broadly. Computerized interventions have the benefit of standardizing intervention content as well as reducing clinical contact burden for practitioners. Daily recording procedures reduce the likelihood of retrospection bias and allow for the modeling of (1) daily fluctuations in PA behavior and (2) the psychological mechanisms believed to be involved in PA behavior (e.g., autonomous self-regulation). Finally, as a broad theory of human motivation, SDT is uniquely positioned to offer explanations for the conditions that are likely to promote both the initiation and maintenance of health behavior change. 相似文献
962.
A Bleske-Rechek HD Harris K Denkinger RM Webb L Erickson LA Nelson 《Evolutionary psychology》2011,9(3):336-353
We investigated women's facial attractiveness and body shape as a function of menstrual cycle phase, with the expectation from previous research that both would be enhanced during the high fertile phase. To control for the effects of women's daily behaviors on their appearance and waistline, we visited 37 normally cycling women twice in their dorm, where we photographed and measured them at low and high fertile days of their cycle immediately upon their waking. Seventy-four judges from a separate institution chose, for each woman, the picture they thought was more attractive. We analyzed a subset of 20 women who, by forward counting, had a High Fertility visit between Days 10-13 and a Low Fertility visit between Days 20-23; and we also analyzed a subsample of 17 women who, by reverse counting, had a High Fertility visit on the days leading to ovulation and a Low Fertility visit one week after ovulation. In neither set of analyses were women's waist- to-hip ratios lower nearer ovulation, and in neither set were women's high fertile pictures chosen at an above-chance rate by either male or female judges. We did not find evidence that facial attractiveness and waist-to-hip ratio are reliable physical cues of ovulatory status. 相似文献
963.
The human stress response evolved to maximize an individual's probability of survival when threatened. The present study addressed whether physical danger modulates perception of an unrelated ambiguous threat and, if so, to what extent this response is sex- specific. The authors utilized a first-time tandem skydive as a stressor, which had been previously validated as producing a highly-controlled, genuinely stressful environment. In a counter-balanced within-subjects design, participants wore a virtual reality helmet to complete an emotion-identification task during the plane's ascent (stress condition) and in the laboratory (control condition). Participants were presented static male faces morphed between 20-80% aggression, which gradually emerged from degraded images. Using a binary forced-choice design, participants identified each ambiguous face as aggressive or neutral. Results showed that participants characterized emotion more rapidly under stress versus control conditions. Unexpectedly, the results also show that while women were more sensitive to affect ambiguity than men under control conditions, they exhibited a marked decrease in sensitivity equivalent to men while under stress. 相似文献
964.
Previous research has suggested that biased attention toward emotional (typically threatening) stimuli contributes to ill-being (e.g., high levels of anxiety), but its contribution to well-being is less clear. The researchers assessed naturalistic shifts in attentional bias toward threatening and pleasant schematic face cues in response to five induced mood states in college students. They also assessed state anxiety and satisfaction with life concurrently and 3 weeks later. Controlling for concurrent anxiety, a fear-induced shift in attention to threatening cues was associated with increased levels of later anxiety. Controlling for concurrent life satisfaction, a happiness-induced shift in attention to emotional cues (both threatening and pleasant) was associated with increased levels of later life satisfaction. These results suggest that mood-induced changes in deployment of attention to emotional information may accumulate in ways that impact psychological functioning, yet these effects depend on mood state and the emotional cues afforded by the context. 相似文献
965.
Discourse comprehension requires one to process information that is actively maintained in working memory (WM). Therefore,
we hypothesized that individual differences in comprehension would be predicted better by working memory tasks that capture
the concurrent demands of processing and maintenance of the same memory elements (i.e., content-embedded tasks) than by WM
tasks that require the maintenance of an extraneous memory load during processing (e.g., complex span tasks). Two hundred
sixty-one undergraduates completed three content-embedded tasks, three complex span tasks, and three measures of comprehension.
Results of structural equation modeling indicated that the content-embedded tasks accounted for a greater amount of variance
in comprehension than did complex span tasks. Thus, tasks that require one to coordinate the processing and maintenance of
task-specific memory elements are preferable for capturing the relationship between WM and comprehension. 相似文献
966.
This study examined the validity of a state version of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (Hart, Leary & Rejeski, 1989) by conducting tests of concurrent and discriminative validation. Participants were four separate samples of young women (N=221) who exercised ≤ 2 days/week and who participated in various experiments examining body image and self-presentation. Participants' scores on the state SPAS (S-SPAS) were significantly correlated, in expected directions, with scores on both trait and state measures of body image and self-presentation, and with body mass index (BMI). In addition, S-SPAS scores discriminated between women who exercised in a mixed-sex versus a same-sex environment, but trait SPAS scores did not. Together, these results provide evidence of construct validity of a state version of the SPAS and demonstrate that social physique anxiety can be conceptualized and measured as a situational variable. The S-SPAS, rather than the trait SPAS, should be employed in experiments designed to detect differences in state social physique anxiety. 相似文献
967.
Matthew W. LeGray Brad A. Dufrene Heather Sterling-Turner D. Joe Olmi Katherine Bellone 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2010,19(3):185-204
This study provides a direct comparison of differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) and differential reinforcement
of alternative behavior (DRA). Participants included three children in center-based classrooms referred for functional assessments
due to disruptive classroom behavior. Functional assessments included interviews and brief functional analyses. An alternating
treatments design was used to evaluate the relative effectiveness of function-based DRO and DRA interventions. Results indicated
that both intervention procedures effectively reduced disruptive behavior, but the DRA procedure consistently resulted in
greater reductions in disruptive behavior across all participants. Results are discussed in terms of directions for future
functional assessment and intervention research as well as implications for applied practice. 相似文献
968.
Emotional facial expressions are important social cues that convey salient affective information. Infants, younger children, and adults all appear to orient spatial attention to emotional faces with a particularly strong bias to fearful faces. Yet in young children it is unclear whether or not both happy and fearful faces extract attention. Given that the processing of emotional faces is believed by some to serve an evolutionarily adaptive purpose, attentional biases to both fearful and happy expressions would be expected in younger children. However, the extent to which this ability is present in young children and whether or not this ability is genetically mediated is untested. Therefore, the aims of the current study were to assess the spatial-attentional properties of emotional faces in young children, with a preliminary test of whether this effect was influenced by genetics. Five-year-old twin pairs performed a dot-probe task. The results suggest that children preferentially direct spatial attention to emotional faces, particularly right visual field faces. The results provide support for the notion that the direction of spatial attention to emotional faces serves an evolutionarily adaptive function and may be mediated by genetic mechanisms. 相似文献
969.
Bicchieri (The grammar of society: The nature and dynamics of norms, 2006, xi) presents a formal analysis of norms that answers
the questions of “when, how, and to what degree” norms affect human behavior in the play of games. The purpose of this paper
is to apply a variation of the Bicchieri norms analysis to generate a model of norms-based play of the traditional deterrence
game (Zagare and Kilgour, Int Stud Q 37:1–27, 1993; Morrow, Game theory for political scientists, 1994), the paradigmatic
model of conflict initiation in International Relations. The deterrence game is modeled here as a sequential decision problem.
As such, our analysis is an adaptation of Bicchieri’s game-theoretic formalization of norms to what we will call the norms
account of the game. We find that the standard account of the traditional deterrence game is a special case of the norms account
of the game. We also show that the adaptation of Bicchieri’s analysis of social norms yields new and interesting claims regarding
when, how, and to what degree norms operate as a constraint on risk-related behavior in the traditional deterrence game. Moreover,
we discuss how the results of the model provide testable propositions of relevance to the role of norms in international interactions. 相似文献
970.
Rick Carlson 《Dialog》2010,49(4):275-283
Abstract : While at its face Luke's Gospel does not seem to address the realities of life and economics in a capitalistic, consumer‐oriented society, the complete rejection of first‐century economic and power structures presented in Luke offers opportunities to consider anew what it means for Christians in the twenty‐first century to live as faithful followers of Jesus Christ in today's overly consumer‐oriented society. 相似文献