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951.
Behavioral Inhibition and Anxiety: The Moderating Roles of Inhibitory Control and Attention Shifting
White LK McDermott JM Degnan KA Henderson HA Fox NA 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(5):735-747
Behavioral inhibition (BI), a temperament identified in early childhood, is associated with social reticence in childhood
and an increased risk for anxiety problems in adolescence and adulthood. However, not all behaviorally inhibited children
remain reticent or develop an anxiety disorder. One possible mechanism accounting for the variability in the developmental
trajectories of BI is a child’s ability to successfully recruit cognitive processes involved in the regulation of negative
reactivity. However, separate cognitive processes may differentially moderate the association between BI and later anxiety
problems. The goal of the current study was to examine how two cognitive processes—attention shifting and inhibitory control—laboratory
assessed at 48 months of age moderated the association between 24-month BI and anxiety symptoms in the preschool years. Results
revealed that high levels of attention shifting decreased the risk for anxiety problems in children with high levels of BI,
whereas high levels of inhibitory control increased this risk for anxiety symptoms. These findings suggest that different
cognitive processes may influence relative levels of risk or adaptation depending upon a child’s temperamental reactivity. 相似文献
952.
Miller JE Carlson LA Hill PL 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2011,37(4):840-850
One way to describe the location of an object is to relate it to another object. Often there are many nearby objects, each of which could serve as a candidate to be the reference object. A common theoretical assumption is that features that make a given object salient relative to the candidate set are instrumental in determining which is selected. The current research tests this assumption, assessing the relative importance of spatial, perceptual, and functional-interactive features. Three experiments demonstrated that spatial features have the strongest influence on reference object selection, with the perceptual feature of color playing no significant role. Functional-interactive features were shown to be spatially dependent, having an influence only when the spatial configuration enabled an interaction between the located object and the reference object. These findings challenge the common perspective that salience in and of itself dictates reference object selection and argue for a reliance on spatial features. 相似文献
953.
Carlson M Wilcox R Chou CP Chang M Yang F Blanchard J Marterella A Kuo A Clark F 《心理评价》2011,23(2):558-562
Reverse-scored items on assessment scales increase cognitive processing demands and may therefore lead to measurement problems for older adult respondents. In this study, the objective was to examine possible psychometric inadequacies of reverse-scored items on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) when used to assess ethnically diverse older adults. Using baseline data from a gerontologic clinical trial (n = 460), we tested the hypotheses that the reversed items on the CES-D (a) are less reliable than nonreversed items, (b) disproportionately lead to intraindividually atypical responses that are psychometrically problematic, and (c) evidence improved measurement properties when an imputation procedure based on the scale mean is used to replace atypical responses. In general, the results supported the hypotheses. Relative to nonreversed CES-D items, the 4 reversed items were less internally consistent, were associated with lower item-scale correlations, and were more often answered atypically at an intraindividual level. Further, the atypical responses were negatively correlated with responses to psychometrically sound nonreversed items that had similar content. The use of imputation to replace atypical responses enhanced the predictive validity of the set of reverse-scored items. Among older adult respondents, reverse-scored items are associated with measurement difficulties. It is recommended that appropriate correction procedures such as item readministration or statistical imputation be applied to reduce the difficulties. 相似文献
954.
Dasch KB Russell HF Kelly EH Gorzkowski JA Mulcahey MJ Betz RR Vogel LC 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2011,18(4):361-371
This study examined coping among caregivers of youth with spinal cord injuries (SCI). Using a cross-sectional survey study
design, 164 caregivers completed a demographics questionnaire and the Brief COPE. Their children, youth with SCI ages 7–18,
completed the Kidcope. T-tests were conducted to examine differences in caregiver coping by demographic and injury-related
factors. Further, logistic regression models were evaluated to examine predictive relationships between caregiver coping and
youth coping. Several demographic and injury-related factors were related to caregiver coping, including caregiver gender,
race, and education, as well as youth gender, age at injury, and time since injury. In the logistic regressions, two caregiver
coping strategies were related to youth coping: caregiver self-blame coping was related to youth self-criticism, and caregiver
behavioral disengagement coping (giving up attempts to cope) was related to youth blaming others coping. The findings suggest
that caregiver coping may play a role in the coping of their children, and should be considered when addressing coping among
youth with SCI. 相似文献
955.
Heather Littleton 《Sex roles》2011,65(11-12):792-797
This article comments on Edwards et al. (2011) who review the state of the current literature on rape myths, defined as ??prejudicial, stereotyped or false beliefs about rape, rape victims, and rapists?? (Burt 1980; p. 217). I argue that while studying rape myths is important to understanding the persistence of sexual assault against women in Western societies, other factors that contribute to this problem need to be considered. Specifically, I focus on the importance of examining societal messages regarding women??s sexuality, as well as examining how individuals conceptualize and define rape more broadly. I conclude by discussing directions for moving toward producing real changes in the prevalence of sexual violence as well as ways to intervene more effectively with victims of sexual violence. 相似文献
956.
Heather J. Peters Angela J. Krumm Rufus R. Gonzales Kensa K. Gunter Karen N. Paez Sharon D. Zygowicz Kristee L. Haggins 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》2011,39(2):114-124
Psychology training programs have a responsibility to train multiculturally competent psychologists. Predoctoral interns were surveyed to compare the multicultural environment of academic and internship programs. Internship programs were perceived as more multicultural than were academic programs. Factors contributing to differences are examined, and suggestions are made for improving multicultural environments in training. Los programas de formación en psicología tienen la responsabilidad de formar psicólogos competentes multiculturalmente. Se entrevistó a interinos predoctorales para comparar el ambiente multicultural de sus programas académicos y de interinidad. Se percibió que los programas de interinidad eran más multiculturales que los programas académicos. Se examinan los factores que contribuyen a estas diferencias, y se ofrecen sugerencias para mejorar los ambientes multiculturales en la formación. 相似文献
957.
Eye movements reveal the time-course of anticipating behaviour based on complex, conflicting desires
The time-course of representing others’ perspectives is inconclusive across the currently available models of ToM processing. We report two visual-world studies investigating how knowledge about a character’s basic preferences (e.g. Tom’s favourite colour is pink) and higher-order desires (his wish to keep this preference secret) compete to influence online expectations about subsequent behaviour. Participants’ eye movements around a visual scene were tracked while they listened to auditory narratives. While clear differences in anticipatory visual biases emerged between conditions in Experiment 1, post-hoc analyses testing the strength of the relevant biases suggested a discrepancy in the time-course of predicting appropriate referents within the different contexts. Specifically, predictions to the target emerged very early when there was no conflict between the character’s basic preferences and higher-order desires, but appeared to be relatively delayed when comprehenders were provided with conflicting information about that character’s desire to keep a secret. However, a second experiment demonstrated that this apparent ‘cognitive cost’ in inferring behaviour based on higher-order desires was in fact driven by low-level features between the context sentence and visual scene. Taken together, these results suggest that healthy adults are able to make complex higher-order ToM inferences without the need to call on costly cognitive processes. Results are discussed relative to previous accounts of ToM and language processing. 相似文献
958.
The current study evaluated the effects of conditional discrimination (listener) training with coins on the emergence of novel stimulus relations, textual behavior, tacts, and intraverbals. Two preschoolers with autism were taught 3 relations among coins, their names, and values. After initial training, 4 relations emerged for the first participant and 7 for the second participant, suggesting that this technology can be incorporated into educational curricula for teaching prerequisite money skills to children with autism. 相似文献
959.
We examined whether 12-month-old infants privilege words over other linguistic stimuli in an associative learning task. Sixty-four infants were presented with sets of either word–object, communicative sound–object, or consonantal sound–object pairings until they habituated. They were then tested on a ‘switch’ in the sound to determine whether they were able to associate the word and/or sound with the novel objects. Infants associated words, but not communicative sounds or consonantal sounds, with novel objects. The results demonstrate that infants exhibit a preference for words over other linguistic stimuli in an associative word learning task. This suggests that by 12 months of age, infants have developed knowledge about the nature of an appropriate sound form for an object label and will privilege this form as an object label. 相似文献
960.
Bailey H Dagenbach D Jennings JM 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2011,18(5):577-593
The repetition-lag training procedure developed by Jennings and Jacoby (2003 , Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 14, 417) has been shown to improve older adults' performance in the recognition memory task used for training, and to improve performance in a variety of other memory and executive function tasks ( Jennings, Webster, Kleykamp, & Dagenbach, 2005 , Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 12, 278). The present study examined the effects of concurrent interference tasks during the study or test phases of training to localize the source of gains. Overall, the results suggest that training is resilient and resistant to interference, but also that the processes used during the test phases of training are more important to the gains seen in the primary task and in the transfer tasks than those used in the study phases. 相似文献