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931.
Jody L. Davis Jeni L. Burnette Scott T. Allison Heather Stone 《Social Psychology of Education》2011,14(3):331-346
An implicit theory of ability approach to motivation argues that students who believe traits to be malleable (incremental
theorists), relative to those who believe traits to be fixed (entity theorists), cope more effectively when academic challenges
arise. In the current work, we integrated the implicit theory literature with research on top dog and underdog status to predict
self-efficacy in an academic context. To examine our predictions, we assessed college students’ (N = 165) implicit theories of mathematical ability and manipulated their underdog versus top dog status in a math competition.
We hypothesized that holding an incremental (vs. entity) theory would interact with competition status (underdog vs. top dog)
to predict mathematical self-efficacy. When in an underdog position, incremental (vs. entity) theories boosted students’ mathematical
self-efficacy. Moreover, a mediated moderation model revealed that the experience of less helplessness accounted for greater
self-efficacy in mathematical ability among academic underdogs with incremental (vs. entity) theories. Implications for teaching
practices are discussed. 相似文献
932.
We evaluated antecedent exercise for treating the automatically reinforced problem behavior of 4 individuals with autism. We conducted preference assessments to identify leisure and exercise items that were associated with high levels of engagement and low levels of problem behavior. Next, we conducted three 3-component multiple-schedule sequences: an antecedent-exercise test sequence, a noncontingent leisure-item control sequence, and a social-interaction control sequence. Within each sequence, we used a 3-component multiple schedule to evaluate preintervention, intervention, and postintervention effects. Problem behavior decreased during the postintervention component relative to the preintervention component for 3 of the 4 participants during the exercise-item assessment; however, the effects could not be attributed solely to exercise for 1 of these participants. 相似文献
933.
Competing stimulus assessments (CSA) have been used to identify stimuli that are associated with reduced levels of problem behavior, presumably as a function of reinforcer competition. Following a standard CSA in which stimuli simply were made available, 2 more CSAs were conducted with additional components designed to enhance reinforcer competition: re-presentation of stimuli and response blocking for self-injury. The results obtained from each CSA were validated in an extended treatment analysis. The study illustrates how the effects of additional components designed to enhance reinforcer competition can be evaluated efficiently in the context of a CSA. 相似文献
934.
Use of Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale in differentiating high and low functioning autism and ADHD
Mayes SD Calhoun SL Murray MJ Morrow JD Yurich KK Cothren S Purichia H Bouder JN 《Psychological reports》2011,108(1):3-13
Little is known about the validity of Gilliam Asperger's Disorder Scale (GADS), although it is widely used. This study of 199 children with high functioning autism or Asperger's disorder, 195 with low functioning autism, and 83 with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) showed high classification accuracy (autism vs. ADHD) for clinicians' GADS Quotients (92%), and somewhat lower accuracy (77%) for parents' Quotients. Both children with high and low functioning autism had clinicians' Quotients (M=99 and 101, respectively) similar to the Asperger's Disorder mean of 100 for the GADS normative sample. Children with high functioning autism scored significantly higher on the cognitive patterns subscale than children with low functioning autism, and the latter had higher scores on the remaining subscales: social interaction, restricted patterns of behavior, and pragmatic skills. Using the clinicians' Quotient and Cognitive Patterns score, 70% of children were correctly identified as having high or low functioning autism or ADHD. 相似文献
935.
Bailey TK Chung YB Williams WS Singh AA Terrell HK 《Journal of counseling psychology》2011,58(4):481-493
This article describes the development and validation of the Internalized Racial Oppression Scale (IROS) for Black individuals in 2 studies using a total sample of 468 Black college students. The IROS is intended to measure the degree to which racial oppression is internalized and replicated by Black individuals in the United States. An exploratory factor analysis suggested a five-factor solution: Belief in the Biased Representation of History (BRH), Devaluation of the African Worldview and Motifs (DAW), Alteration of Physical Appearance (APA), Internalization of Negative Stereotypes (INS), and Hair Change (HC). Confirmatory factory analysis supported an adequate model fit of a four-factor model: BRH, APA, INS, and HC. All factors of the IROS were positively correlated with the Pre-Encounter subscale of the Racial Identity Attitude Scale (RIAS-B; J. E. Helms & T. A. Parham, 1996), and 4 of the factors were negatively correlated with the Immersion/Emersion subscale of the RIAS-B. Four factors of the IROS were negatively correlated with all subscales and total scores of the African Self-Consciousness Scale (J. A. Baldwin & Y. R. Bell, 1985). These results provide some support of the validity of the IROS. 相似文献
936.
Delay discounting occurs when individuals are increasingly willing to accept less than the full amount of something to receive it immediately as the delay to the full amount increases. Previous research has reported different "domains" of commodities, with discounting in one domain not being informative about discounting in another. In the present study, 283 participants completed a delay-discounting task with 1 of 2 sets of 5 commodities identical to those used in previous research (Weatherly, Terrell, & Derenne, 2010). Confirmatory factor analyses determined that the observed discounting conformed to previously reported domains. Also replicated was finding that discounting differs both as a function of commodity and how the commodity is framed. These results provide strong support for the idea that temporal decisions made about certain consequences may not necessarily be informative about how an individual will make decisions about other consequences. Also, the framing of the decision can significantly influence observed levels of discounting, potentially clouding interpretation. 相似文献
937.
Chronis-Tuscano A O'Brien KA Johnston C Jones HA Clarke TL Raggi VL Rooney ME Diaz Y Pian J Seymour KE 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(7):1047-1057
This study examined the extent to which maternal attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms predict improvement
in child behavior following brief behavioral parent training. Change in parenting was examined as a potential mediator of
the negative relationship between maternal ADHD symptoms and improvement in child behavior. Seventy mothers of 6–10 year old
children with ADHD underwent a comprehensive assessment of adult ADHD prior to participating in an abbreviated parent training
program. Before and after treatment, parenting was assessed via maternal reports and observations and child disruptive behavior
was measured via maternal report. Controlling for pre-treatment levels, maternal ADHD symptomatology predicted post-treatment
child disruptive behavior problems. The relation between maternal ADHD symptomatology and improvement in child behavior was
mediated by change in observed maternal negative parenting. This study replicated findings linking maternal ADHD symptoms
with attenuated child improvement following parent training, and is the first to demonstrate that negative parenting at least
partially explains this relationship. Innovative approaches combining evidence-based treatment for adult ADHD with parent
training may therefore be necessary for families in which both the mother and child have ADHD. Larger-scale studies using
a full evidence-based parent training program are needed to replicate these findings. 相似文献
938.
939.
Marcus S Lopez JF McDonough S Mackenzie MJ Flynn H Neal CR Gahagan S Volling B Kaciroti N Vazquez DM 《Infant behavior & development》2011,34(1):26-34
Objective
To explore the interplay of maternal depressive symptoms on the infant limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary axis (LHPA) and neurological development.Design
Pregnant women were monitored for depressive symptoms using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) at 28, 32, and 37 weeks of gestation and at delivery. A mixture growth curve analysis divided the women into three risk groups: low/stable, intermediate, and high/increasing depression based on BDI scores. The infant neuroendocrine system was examined using cord blood for adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol measurements. Two-week-old infants were examined using Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS).Results
Infants born to women of the high/increasing depression group had significant ACTH elevation at birth. On NNNS examination, these infants were more hypotonic and habituated to auditory and visual stimuli.Conclusion
When compared to non-depressed women, maternal depressive symptoms, even in the absence of major depressive disorder, appeared to facilitate a different developmental pathway for the infant LHPA and early neurological development. 相似文献940.
Adams RB Franklin RG Nelson AJ Gordon HL Kleck RE Whalen PJ Ambady N 《Brain and cognition》2011,77(1):113-119
Responses to threat occur via two known independent processing routes. We propose that early, reflexive processing is predominantly tuned to the detection of congruent combinations of facial cues that signal threat, whereas later, reflective processing is predominantly tuned to incongruent combinations of threat. To test this prediction, we examined responses to threat-gaze expression pairs (anger versus fear expression by direct versus averted gaze). We report on two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, one employing prolonged presentations (2 s) of threat-gaze pairs to allow for reflective processing (Study 1), and one employing severely restricted (33 ms), backward masked presentations of threat-gaze pairs to isolate reflexive neural responding (Study 2). Our findings offer initial support for the conclusion that early, reflexive responses to threat are predominantly tuned to congruent threat-gaze pairings, whereas later reflective responses are predominantly tuned to ambiguous threat-gaze pairings. These findings highlight a distinct dual function in threat perception. 相似文献