道德关怀范围的持续扩展——从非人类动物到无生命的机器人

人类道德进步的历史就是道德关怀的范围不断扩展的历史。环境伦理学的重要理论贡献是,区分了道德行为体与道德承受体,把道德承受体的范围扩展到了人类物种之外的自在物。当代机器人伦理学接过环境伦理学扩展道德关怀的接力棒,不仅把道德承受体的范围从自然存在物扩展到了作为人工制品的机器人,还把道德行为体的范围扩展到了具有道德功能的社会机器人。随着道德关怀范围的扩展,出现了三种不同类型的道德行为体和五类不同的道德承受体。为了应对伦理共同体成员的增加所带来的伦理挑战,需要建构具有拓展主义、非人类中心主义、后科学主义与全球主义性质的新型伦理文化。     

卢梭论文明与道德——重温《论科学与艺术》

《论科学与艺术》包含了卢梭许多后来思想著述的萌芽,它讨论的是科学艺术的"近代复兴"与道德的"社会风俗"的关系。卢梭仅将科学艺术视作文明,并把它们与道德对立起来,认为近代文明失去了本原的道德精神实质。但所有的成熟文明都包含有物质文明、政治文明和精神文明三个方面,道德也是文明的产物,同时也是文明的价值和规范的基础。卢梭没有意识到,否定文明也就等于否定了道德。但卢梭文中对科学艺术的批判反思,对道德乃至宗教救赎精神的推崇,赋予其思想一种特殊的吸引力与启示意义。时代发展到今天,科学的进展和艺术的普及已经发展到了卢梭难以想象的程度,科技的兴盛固然带来了普遍的福利,却也走近了这样一个门槛:高新技术给人类带来无数方便与好处,人类的控物能力不断大幅提高;与此相比较,人类的道德自控能力若没有相应的提高,科技的发展可能带来难以预测但却可能改变人类文明命运的后果。这种不平衡无疑会是人类文明一个持久的基本矛盾。     

The mediation effect of student self-efficacy between teaching approaches and science achievement: findings from 2011 TIMSS US data

Over the past two decades, researchers consistently demonstrated the importance of science teaching approaches and student self-efficacy in influencing their science achievement. These findings have become the foundation of science education reform. However, empirical supports of these relationships are limited to direct relationships and small-scale studies. Therefore, little is known about the mechanism of how teaching approaches and student self-efficacy affect student achievement. In order to fill these gaps, this study used a multilevel structural equation modeling approach to analyze the direct and indirect relationships between teaching approaches, student self-efficacy, and science achievement by using the data of US eighth grade students in the 2011 TIMSS assessment. The results indicated that none of the teaching approaches identified in this study were directly associated with student science achievement, but significant mediation effect was found between generic teaching and student science achievement through student self-efficacy. Implications of these results for US educational system and reform were discussed.

     

心理健康服务的文化胜任力：理论取向与实践策略

心理健康服务的文化胜任力随着欧美对多元文化群体的重视而逐渐发展起来。该领域存在两种不同的理论取向及相应的实践策略。内容取向关注静态的、结构化的文化胜任力; 过程取向则关注动态的、非结构化的文化胜任力。两种取向的异同体现了文化胜任力的研究和实践中对文化特异性和普遍性因素的平衡。在此基础上, 本文最后讨论了如何参考国外经验, 立足中国现实问题和加强社会心理服务体系建设的大背景, 来发展中国的文化胜任力。     

父母积极教养课程及其在中国的社会和文化适应

基于社会学习理论的父母教养课程被普遍视为预防儿童青少年行为问题以及促进儿童身心健康的“黄金标准”。父母积极教养课程（Triple P – Positive Parenting Program）是其中的主要代表。本文详尽介绍了Triple P的理论基础、干预体系、课程内容以及实证研究结果,分析了该课程存在的优势以及缺陷。此外,本文结合中国家庭的特点和需求,探讨了该课程运用于中国家庭时可能会遇到的挑战,同时提出了改良的方向,为家庭干预实践工作者和研究人员提供了新的视角。     

探究群体中的个体心灵--群体心理学与极端信仰

网上检索中无意间看到一段话,“不借助于个体心理学,也许不能彻底明白有人为何要杀人如麻;没有群体心理学,则人们永远无法理解,为何仍会有那么多人认为他不但做得正确,并且伟大无比。”这段话一下子把我打动留住了。因为我曾有过一段“认为自己不但做得正确,并且伟大无比”的经历。打开一看,原来是一篇书评,评法国心理学家塞奇·莫斯科维奇的群体心理学著作《群氓的时代》(江苏人民出版社2003年汉译精品新世纪版),于是找到了书并阅读。我曾是一名“法轮功”团体的成员,如果用褒意倾向的语言说,是信念极为坚定的一员,用贬意倾向的语言说,是痴…     

破除迷信须狠抓、严管、不松劲

一、狠抓不久前,秦皇岛市海港区耀振里小区,有一名自称“神仙附体”、名为“三太爷”的老妇,在她的“仙阁”内,周围桌子上摆放着不少神像,墙上悬挂着许多自制的写有“神医下界”、“妙手回春”的牌匾,装神弄鬼,标榜“包治百病”,骗取群众钱财,少则数十、数百,多则数千元。在得知上述情况后,秦皇岛市卫生执法监督所医疗卫生监督科王科长与《燕赵都市报·冀东版》     

Influences of hand posture and hand position on compatibility effects for up-down stimuli mapped to left-right responses: evidence for a hand referent hypothesis

Unimanual left-right responses to up-down stimuli show a stimulus-response compatibility (SRC) effect for which the preferred mapping varies as a function of response eccentricity. Responses made in the right hemispace and, to a lesser extent, at a midline position, are faster with the up-right/down-left mapping than with the up-left/down-right mapping, but responses made in the left hemispace are faster with the up-left/down-right mapping. Also, for responses at the midline position, the preferred mapping switches when the hand is placed in a supine posture instead of the more usual prone posture. The response eccentricity effect can be explained in terms of correspondence of asymmetrically coded stimulus and response features, but it is not obvious whether the hand posture effect can be explained in a similar manner. The present study tested the implications of a hypothesis that the body of the hand provides a frame of reference with respect to which the response switch is coded as left or right. As was predicted by this hand referent hypothesis, Experiment 1 showed that the influence of hand posture (prone and supine) on orthogonal SRC was additive with that of response location. In Experiment 2, the location of the switch relative to the hand was varied by having subjects use either a normal grip in which the switch was held between the thumb and the index finger or a grip in which it was held between the little and the ring fingers. The magnitudes of the mapping preferences varied as a function of the grip and hand posture in a manner consistent with the hand referent hypothesis.     

Perception of objects that are translating and rotating

The motion of objects that are both translating and rotating can be decomposed into an infinite number of translational and rotational combinations. How, then, do such stimuli routinely elicit specific percepts and behavioral responses that are usually appropriate? A possible answer is that motion percepts are fully determined by the probability distributions of all the possible correspondences and differences in the stimulus sequence. To test the merits of this conceptual framework, we investigated the perceived motion elicited by a line that is both translating and rotating behind an aperture. When stimuli are presented such that a particular sequence of appearance and disappearance occurs at the aperture boundary, subjects report that the line is rotating only; furthermore, the perceived centers of rotation appear to describe a cycloidal trajectory, even when one aperture shape is replaced by another. These and other perceptual effects elicited by translating and rotating stimuli are all accurately predicted by the probability distribution of the possible sources of the physical movements, supporting the conclusion that motion perception is indeed generated by a wholly probabilistic strategy.     

Reliability and dimensionality of judgments of visually textured materials

We extended perceptual studies of the Brodatz set of textured materials. In the experiments, texture perception for different texture sets, viewing distances, or lighting intensities was examined. Subjects compared one pair of textures at a time. The main task was to rapidly rate all of the texture pairs on a number scale for their overall dissimilarities first and then for their dissimilarities according to six specified attributes (e.g., texture contrast). The implied dimensionality of perceptual texture space was usually at least four, rather than three. All six attributes proved to be useful predictors of overall dissimilarity, especially coarseness and regularity. The novel attribute texture lightness, an assessment of mean surface reflectance, was important when viewing conditions were wide-ranging. We were impressed by the general validity of texture judgments across subject, texture set, and comfortable viewing distances or lighting intensities. The attributes are nonorthogonal directions in four-dimensional perceptual space and are probably not narrow linear axes. In a supplementary experiment, we studied a completely different task: identifying textures from a distance. The dimensionality for this more refined task is similar to that for rating judgments, so our findings may have general application.