公平与效率：优先性与制度安排的博弈分析

公平与效率问题是人类社会生活中备受关注的问题之一 ,在社会主义市场经济发展过程中 ,人们的讨论更是激烈。有人说公平优先于效率 ,有人说效率优先于公平。笔者认为公平与效率是分属不同分配领域的优先原则 ,效率相对于生产资料分配领域而言 ,公平则相对于生活资料分配领域而言。笔者运用博弈分析法说明 :公平与效率可以通过科学的制度设计可以达到最佳的结合。     

大学生的社会支持、孤独及自尊对主观幸福感的作用机制研究

对389名大学生施测社会支持量表、自尊量表、社会与感情孤独量表及主观幸福感量表,以探讨孤独和自尊在社会支持与主观幸福感的关系中的作用。结果表明：（1）主观幸福感与社会支持、自尊、孤独呈显著相关。（2）路径分析表明,自尊、孤独分别在社会支持与主观幸福感之间起显著的中介作用。社会支持→自尊→孤独→主观幸福感的显著路径表明,这些变量间存在更为复杂的关系。这些结果对于大学生心理健康教育具有重要的意义。     

Judgments in a hurry: Time pressure affects how judges assess unfairly shared losses and unfairly shared gains

Human society has evolved to allow third parties—the court system, parents or other societal arbitrators—to punish norm violators and compensate victims. Few studies explore the effect of stress or time pressure on a third‐party judge. Under time pressure, people will likely show a more instinctual reaction or judgment style. We investigated third‐party punishment and compensation within the context of unfairly shared losses and gains in a dictator game under time pressure. Our results show that under no time pressure, participants were inclined to punish dictators who unfairly split windfall gains; however, participants chose to compensate victims more than punish the norm‐violating dictators in the context of unfairly shared losses. With added time pressure, third‐parties were disposed to inflict punishment upon the dictator in both the gain and loss contexts—punishment became the action of choice. Our results shed light on the way observed behavior and stress affect social cognition and decision making in the context of altruistic social interventions and the enforcement of social norms.     

幸福感研究的本土化——浅谈道家幸福观

积极心理学的核心目标是理解和帮助人们获得幸福和主观幸福感。积极心理学将幸福确定为自己的研究对象,使关于幸福的讨论成为一门显学。作为一门实证科学,积极心理学采用较为完善的实验方法与测量手段,研究人类的力量和美德等积极方面,但是目前的研究存在理论基础薄弱的问题。幸福是一个复杂且主观的概念,不同文化对幸福的理解不同,对于幸福的研究带有浓重的文化色彩。因此在研究幸福的过程中,必须关涉文化。道家思想是中国传统文化的重要组成部分,道家思想蕴含了丰富的幸福理论.弘扬优秀传统文化,对道家幸福观进行梳理和阐发对幸福研究有重要理论和实践意义。     

情绪调节对消极元刻板印象激活的认知效应的影响

以101名中职生为被试,采用不同难度的工作记忆任务,探讨认知重评与表达抑制两种情绪调节策略对消极元刻板印象激活的认知效应的影响。结果发现:(1)情绪调节策略对元刻板印象激活的认知效应具有影响,且与认知任务的难度有关;(2)在低难度工作记忆任务中,情绪调节策略对元刻板印象激活的认知效应没有影响,在中等难度任务中,认知重评减弱了激活的认知效应,但表达抑制没有影响,在高难度任务中,认知重评没有影响,表达抑制反而增强了激活的认知效应。总之,不同情绪调节策略会对消极元刻板印象激活的认知效应产生不同的作用。     

事件持续时间对情景模型更新的影响

采用移动窗口技术,探讨文本阅读中事件持续时间对情景模型更新的影响。实验1探讨不同的事件持续时间对情景模型更新进程的影响。结果发现,情景模型的更新受到事件持续时间的影响;实验2探讨在不同的事件持续时间条件下,情景模型的更新符合动态观还是静态观,结果支持了情景模型更新的动态观。该研究表明,事件持续时间与时间转换大小之间的关系对情景模型的更新起着重要的作用。同时,情景模型的更新符合动态观。     

依赖结构对信任行为的影响:基于互依理论的视角

信任是人际互动中的重要主题,受到诸多因素的影响,越来越多的研究者关注情境特征对信任的影响。以相互依赖理论为基础,操作依赖的相互性、依赖水平和利益协同,构建互动双方间不同的依赖结构,分析不同依赖结构对被试信任的影响。结果表明:(1)在双向依赖情境中被试的信任水平显著高于单向依赖情境;(2)单向依赖、低利益协同情境中,依赖水平对个体的信任行为有显著影响,双向依赖、高利益协同情境中,依赖水平对个体信任行为的影响不显著;(3)单向依赖、低依赖水平情境中,利益协同对信任行为有显著影响,双向依赖、高利益协同情境中,利益协同对信任行为影响不显著。     

Association between Child Abuse and Health Risk Behaviors among Chinese College Students

Little is known about the link between child abuse and health risk behaviors among Chinese college students. This cross-sectional study examined the prevalence of child abuse and its relations with individual and clusters of health risk behaviors among Chinese college students. A total of 507 students participated in this survey. The prevalence of child abuse from the highest to the lowest was emotional neglect (53.9%), physical neglect (49.0%), emotional abuse (21.8%), physical abuse (18.3%), and sexual abuse (18.1%), respectively. Males were more likely to report child abuse than females (p?<?0.01). For males, emotional abuse was associated with internet addiction [OR?=?2.28; 95%CI (1.00, 5.20)] and suicidal behavior [OR?=?12.47, 95%CI (2.61, 59.54)]; while sexual abuse was associated with internet addiction [OR?=?2.30, 95%CI (1.14, 4.66)]. For females, emotional abuse was significantly associated with increased risks for self-harm behavior [OR?=?15.03, 95%CI (3.59, 63.07)] and suicidal behavior [OR?=?5.16, 95%CI (1.63, 16.40)]. Physical abuse was related to risks for internet addiction [OR?=?2.50, 95%CI (1.03, 6.04)] significantly. Two-step cluster analysis showed that participants in clusters with more health risk behaviors reported higher scores of child abuse. These findings suggest that child abuse was associated with both individual and clustering of health risk behaviors among Chinese college students.