主体关联性对贝叶斯推理概率估计的影响

用贝叶斯推理问题为实验材料,探讨了主体关联性对贝叶斯推理概率估计的影响。结果表明,当估计的事件与主体有关时,被试对消极事件概率估计较低,对积极事件概率估计值;当估计的事件与主体无关时,被试对消极事件和积极事件的概率估计无显著差异。反应时分析表明,被试对消极事件的概率估计比对积极事件的概率估计时间显著地长,当消极事件与主体有关时概率估计时间就更长;而对积极事件的概率估计,与主体有关和与主体无关时反应时差异不显著。这表明,被试对消极事件的概率估计(特别是消极事件与己有关时)更为慎重。     

常人疾病观及其对医患关系的影响

常人疾病观是普通人对于某一疾病的认知、解释和态度的集合。与专业医务人员相比, 普通人更关注心理、家庭和社会因素而非生物学因素的致病作用, 就医选择多元而并不遵循标准化的就医模式, 同时更愿意将疾病体验视为个人生活的特殊问题加以建构性理解。常人疾病观与科学医学观之间的不一致性可能降低患者的就医满意、对医信任和医嘱依从性, 从而影响治疗效果。立足中国社会的医学文化与医疗制度, 研究中国人的常人疾病观, 并探讨其对医患关系的影响作用与社会心理机制, 可为改善当下中国医患关系紧张现状提供有益建议。     

Organizations Behaving Badly: Antecedents and Consequences of Uncivil Workplace Environments

The present study investigated the relationship between employees’ perceptions of five characteristics emphasized in their work organization (i.e., individualism, hostile interaction styles, competition, hierarchical governance, and email reliance) and the occurrence of incivility in that context. We also examined how perceptions of uncivil environments, in turn, related to personal experiences of workplace incivility and negative outcomes for targets. The proposed model was examined in two samples of university faculty. Study 1 tested the model with three organizational characteristics (individualism, hostile interaction styles, and competition) and three outcomes (job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and physical health) in a sample of faculty from a wide range of departments at a large Southern university. The second study investigated two additional organizational characteristics (hierarchical governance and email reliance) and an additional outcome (psychological distress) in a nationwide sample of law faculty. Results demonstrated that all but one of the characteristics (email reliance) related to perceptions of an uncivil workplace environment; uncivil environment perceptions, in turn, predicted personal experiences of incivility and negative occupational and health outcomes.     

The monocular-boundary-contour mechanism in binocular surface representation and suppression

Boundary contours are important for representing binocular surfaces, including those in binocular rivalry. Ooi and He (2006, Perception 35 581-603) showed that a half-image with a boundary contour defined by abutting gratings predominates in binocular rivalry. We investigated the monocular-boundary-contour mechanism using Kanizsa square-like rivalry displays. In experiment 1, the left half-image had a vertical illusory contour on the right edge while the right half-image had a vertical illusory contour on the left edge. The Kanizsa elements (discs and pacmen) were filled with a 135 degree grating and placed on a 45 degree-grating background. When fused, observers experienced a strong predominance for perceiving an illusory rectangle in front of four discs. But this percept was replaced by robust rivalry alternations when the stimulus was manipulated by (i) switching the half-images between eyes, (ii)relocating the pacmen in each half-image to form horizontal illusory contours, or (iii) placing the pacmen diagonally (thus eliminating each monocular illusory contour). Such robust rivalry alternations were similar to those experienced when a 135 degree-grating disc was in rivalry with a 135 degree-grating pacman alone on the 45 degree-grating background (experiment 2). Experiment 3 showed that the relatively stable illusory-rectangle percept in experiment 1 is affected by the alignment of the images in the two eyes, in a manner consistent with adherence to the occlusion constraint in binocular surface formation.     

Livin在小细胞肺癌中的表达及与Caspase-3相关性研究

为了探讨Livin蛋白在小细胞肺癌（SCLC）组织中的表达及与Caspase-3的关系,我们使用免疫组化法检测Livin和Caspase-3在30例SCLC及癌旁肺组织中的表达。结果显示,Livin在SCLC中表达明显高于正常组织（P〈0．01）,与TNM分期、淋巴结转移和肿瘤大小无关。Caspase-3在SCLC组织中表达明显下降（P〈0．01）,与Livin表达呈负相关。因此,Livin与Caspase-3的异常表达可能在SCLC癌变中起协调作用,并有望成为诊断和基因治疗的新靶点。     

拖延对工作绩效的影响——压力偏好与任务类型的调节作用

本研究探索了压力偏好和任务类型在拖延行为对绩效产生作用过程中的调节作用。用问卷调查的方法对155人进行调查。结果发现：相比偏好压力者,厌恶压力者的工作绩效更容易受到拖延行为的影响;对于复杂任务,拖延对偏好压力者的绩效影响显著低于对厌恶压力者;而对于简单任务,两种类型人的绩效的差别并不明显。结论是,偏好压力者能够减弱拖延行为对其工作绩效的影响,尤其对于复杂任务,这种影响更加明显。     

论中国逻辑学的繁荣与发展——纪念改革开放30周年

作为一个有着几千年悠久历史的文明古国,中国一直以灿烂的文化著称于世.但是,我国古代的知识论和方法论却不甚发达,尤其是作为方法论的逻辑学最不发达.在中国古代,除了<墨经>算得上是一本"逻辑学著作"以外,其他的浩如烟海的著作却很少涉及到逻辑学,因而就更难称得上是逻辑学著作了.     

纳西族驱瘟疫鬼仪式分析

仪式研究是纳西族东巴教中的一个重要领域.东巴教仪式繁多而复杂,总体上可分为三大类:祭神与祭祖、超度、驱鬼.驱瘟疫鬼仪式是驱鬼仪式中较独特的一种,本文在实地调查及采访纳西族祭司--东巴的基础上,对驱瘟疫鬼仪式中的一些要素作初步的文化分析.     

大学生人生观研究

本研究选取不同地区5所高等学校665名大学生为研究对象,在问卷调查的基础上对当代大学生人生观现状和特点进行了较为全面的考察.研究结果为:当代大学生人生观总体上积极进取,他们追求自身的完善与发展;当代大学生在人生认知量表的4个维度上的得分有显著的性别、年级差异,没有生源地、文理科和独生子女差异.     

时间顺序与时间距离对语言理解的影响:进一步的证据

探讨时间顺序和时间距离对语言理解的影响,包括2个实验.实验采用关系再认范式(relation-recognition paradigm)和句子-探测再认范式(sentence-probe-recognition paradigm).实验一探讨探讨在简单句条件下,时间顺序对不同频率事件理解的作用;实验二探讨在复句条件下时间顺序与时间距离对语言理解的影响.2个实验结果一致表明,在语言理解过程中,存在对将来取向(顺时序)的事件进行优先加工处理.时间距离对语言理解的影响取决于不同时距的事件能否整合成情景模型.