内群体偏爱与儿童基于贡献的分配公平性:心理理论的调节作用

本研究考察了贡献和内群体偏爱两种分配动机对儿童分配公平性的影响,并探讨了心理理论在其中的作用。通过比较63名6~8岁儿童在不同群体条件下对贡献不同的接受者的分配结果和分配策略的差异,结果发现：（1）在所有群体条件下,儿童都会分配给贡献多的接受者更多的资源,但当外群体成员贡献多且内群体成员贡献少时,儿童也会分配给贡献多的接受者相比于其他群体条件更少的资源,并更多的采用群体关系策略对这一行为作出解释;（2）心理理论能力越高的儿童分配给贡献多的接受者的资源数量受群体关系的影响越小,且使用贡献策略的频率越高,使用群体关系策略的频率越低。这些结果表明6~8岁儿童在资源分配过程中会优先考虑公平动机,且心理理论能力强的儿童更少表现出内群体偏爱。     

状态性平和亦或是倾向性平和?平和的概念、测量与文化差异

加强社会心理服务体系建设,培育平和与理性等积极的社会心态,需要深入研究心理学视角下的平和。对状态性平和与倾向性平和进行区分,可以更好地理解平和。状态性平和研究与平和直接相关的情绪和心境范畴,即东方文化强调的安适恬淡和平静心境。西方文化语境下,平和主要涉及的是倾向性平和,描述其跨时空稳定的倾向,强调平和的超越性、不被偏差影响的内在中立性以及非暴力性的人格。西方平和仅仅强调平静,东方平和还强调和谐。目前,倾向性平和尚未作为独立概念进入心理学研究领域,这正是中国特色心理学的研究方向。未来,应确定倾向性平和的概念和结构、开发倾向性平和的测量工具并且开展倾向性平和的本土化和跨文化研究。     

中学生学习倦怠与未来时间洞察力、成就目标取向的关系

采用问卷调查法对989名中学生进行施测,探讨了学习倦怠及其与未来时间洞察力和成就目标趋向的关系.结果发现:(1)未来时间洞察力与成绩趋近、掌握趋近和掌握回避有显著的正相关,并具有显著的预测作用:未来时间洞察力与成绩回避取向和学习倦怠具有显著的负相关,并具有显著的预测作用; (2)掌握趋近取向与学习倦怠具有显著的负相关,并有预测作用:成绩回避和掌握回避与学习倦怠有显著的正相关,并具有显著的预测作用; (3)掌握趋近、成绩回避和掌握回避取向在未来时间洞察力与学习倦怠之间有部分中介作用.     

Twin-coupled domain structures in epitaxial relaxor ferroelectric Ba(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films on (001) MgO substrate

We report the twin-coupled multi-oriented domain structures in the epitaxial BZT20 (20%Zr) films grown on the (001) MgO substrate using pulsed-laser deposition. Transmission electron microscopy shows that the film consists of an epitaxial layer of pseudo-cubic perovskite structure and a nanopillar layer of multi-oriented twin domain structures near the surface. Four types of the twin domains were formed in the nanopillar layers by coherently joining their {111} with the epilayer and aligning their ?110? directions parallel to the ?110? axes of the epilayer. A non-uniform polarization switching behavior was observed due to the formation of such complex structure in the BZT20 films.     

On the orientation relationship between a2 precipitates and the B2 phase in a Ti-47at.%Al-2at.%W-0.5at.%Si alloy

An k -phase Mn-Al-C single crystal was grown and annealed to obtain an intermediate stage of the k M transformation. The crystal was analysed by transmission electron microscopy, and direct evidence for the operation of the shear mode was obtained. The transformation occurs in two steps from the hcp structure ( k ) over the orthorhombic structure ( k ' phase) to the tetragonal phase. The study reveals the morphologies of k ' and , the necessity for reordering during the second transformation step ( k ' M ) which is not a purely martensitic transformation, and the selection of variants which is controlled by stresses through the selection of one k ' variant.     

北京实验动物从业人员对动物福利认知的问卷调查

北京市实验动物从业人员动物福利问题问卷调查显示,因疏忽、无知导致伤害实验动物的情况仍然存在,实验动物从业人员对动物福利问题的认知情况不容乐观.值得欣慰的是,绝大多数实验动物从业人员在对待实验动物福利问题的态度上,显示了对实验动物的关注、对生命的珍惜和关怀.为推动实验动物福利建设,促进我国生命科学健康发展,应加强实验动物从业人员培训教育,树立动物福利意识,推进实验动物福利立法进程及实验动物福利体系建设.     

Could sex difference in color preference and its personality correlates fit into social theories? Let Chinese university students tell you

The unclear picture of the sex difference in color preference might result from personality variations. We invited 359 Chinese university students (166 men and 193 women) to undergo a color preference test and the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ), a five-factor model test. Depressive trends were measured by the Plutchik-van Praag Depression Inventory (PVP). There was no significant difference between men and women regarding either ZKPQ or PVP scale scores. However, men preferred blue and green significantly more, and their preference order of yellow was negatively correlated with ZKPQ Sociability. Women preferred purple, pink and white significantly more, their preference order of gray was positively correlated with Neuroticism-Anxiety, and the order of orange negatively with Aggression-Hostility. Our results suggest that, partly from a biological layout, men as hunters and women as gatherers prefer some different colors on the one hand, but from a social structural layout, they might try to adjust some personality traits by preferring other colors on the other, in order to attain a sex-equality but polychromatic world.     

广东省中职生生涯规划问题研究

本研究以广东省中等职业学校学生为研究对象,考察一直走在全国职业教育前沿的广东省中职生的生涯规划现状。通过自编的生涯规划测量量表对广州地区近800名中职学生的调查结果显示(1)积极方面:对专业的接受度较高、中职生的就业准备时间较早和对工作的薪酬较为理性;(2)消极方面:缺乏生涯规划意识、学习动力不足,学习动机复杂、中职生的就业地点较为局限等。     

Control deprivation and styles of thinking

Westerners habitually think in analytical ways, whereas East Asians tend to favor holistic styles of thinking. We replicated this difference but showed that it disappeared after control deprivation (Experiment 1). Brief experiences of control deprivation, which stimulate increased desire for control, caused Chinese participants to shift toward Western-style analytical thinking in multiple ways (Experiments 2-5). Western Caucasian participants also increased their use of analytical thinking after control deprivation (Experiment 6). Manipulations that required Chinese participants to think in Western, analytical ways caused their sense of personal control to increase (Experiments 7-9). Prolonged experiences of control deprivation, which past work suggested foster an attitude more akin to learned helplessness than striving for control, had the opposite effect of causing Chinese participants to shift back toward a strongly holistic style of thinking (Experiments 10-12). Taken together, the results support the reality of cultural differences in cognition but also the cross-cultural similarity of using analytical thinking when seeking to enhance personal control.