Does Economic Development Affect Life Satisfaction? A Spatial–Temporal Contextual Analysis in China

Social context affects people’s life satisfaction because it provides a natural reference for evaluating their own socioeconomic standing. Given their reference role, social contexts operationalized by space versus time may have very different implications. Our hypothesis is that spatial variation in economic development has little impact on life satisfaction as individuals living in different locales are unlikely to experience this variation personally, but that short-term temporal changes in economic development, on the other hand, do have an impact, as individuals in a given locale experience these changes directly. These two very different implications of spatial versus temporal social contexts are tested with an analysis of repeated survey data in 60 counties of China from 2005 to 2010. The results show that life satisfaction does not vary much with regional differences in economic development but responds positively to the local level of economic development over time. That is, the contextual effects of economic development vary greatly depending on how social context is operationalized. Temporal context matters far more than regional context where individuals’ life satisfaction is concerned.     

Negative mood disrupts self- and reward-biases in perceptual matching

There are established effects of self- and reward-biases even on simple perceptual matching tasks [Sui, J., He, X., &; Humphreys, G. W. (2012). Perceptual effects of social salience: Evidence from self-prioritization effects on perceptual matching. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Human Perception and Performance, 38, 1105–1117]; however we know little about whether these biases can be modulated by particular interventions, and whether the biases then change in the same way. Here we assessed how the biases alter under conditions designed to induce negative mood. We had participants read a list of self-related negative or neutral mood statements [Velten, E. (1968). A laboratory task for induction of mood states. Behavior Research and Therapy, 6, 473–482] and also listen for 10?min to a passage of negative or neutral music, prior to carrying out perceptual matching with shapes associated to personal labels (self or stranger) or reward (£12 or £1). Responses to the self- and high-reward-associated shapes were selectively slower and less sensitive (d′) following the negative mood induction procedures, and the decrease in mood correlated with decreases in the reaction time bias across “high saliency” (self and high-reward) stimuli. We suggest that negative mood may decrease self- and reward-biases through reducing attention to salient external stimuli.     

Influence of bidirectional perspective on learning routes and spatial layout

The capacity to remain spatially oriented is an essential function in our day to day lives and it seems that the form in which we acquire the spatial information affects the way in which the spatial knowledge is represented in our memory. The goal of this research was to investigate whether the acquisition of spatial information through the learning of three routes within an immersive environment was improved or impaired when participants have access to the backward perspective in addition to the forward perspective. Results, both in reproduction and drawing tasks, showed a poorer performance of the bidirectional group maybe due to the extra-effort involved in updating the spatial information trial by trial. However it seems that the experience enhanced the performance of the bidirectional group in one respect, as they were able to reduce significantly the number of error directions in the last path.     

不同认知方式与标记利用意向对文章标记效应的影响

本文探讨读者不同认知方式与标记利用意向对文章标记效应影响的实验。实验以初中二年级学生为被试。结果表明 ,文章标记利用的意向对场独立和场依存被试文章信息的保持都有显著的促进作用 ;文章宏观标记与读者的认知方式有显著的交互作用 ,在有文章宏观标记条件下 ,场独立被试与场依存被试之间无显著差异 ,在无宏观标记条件下 ,场独立被试显著优于场依存被试     

图形负荷下的字音匹配加工

本研究采用图形负荷法研究汉字语音匹配加工,实验结果倾向支持两半球均势论,并认为右半球可能具有一定的语音加工能力.有关结论和解释还需进一步论证.     

厌恶情绪与自杀行为的关系

自杀导致人类死亡的人数与日俱增,然而自杀的心理机制却并不清楚。最近研究发现,厌恶情绪是导致自杀的主要情绪因素,个体因为自身厌恶而走向自杀。厌恶情绪是一种对自己和他人排泄物等反感的基本情绪,促进个体远离毒性和疾病,从而产生“免疫行为”。许多心理问题来自于对周围人或事物的厌恶,有自杀行为的个体对自身极其厌恶,说明他们的厌恶情绪出现了问题。如同躯体免疫攻击自身一样,自身厌恶是自杀意念的关键因素,早年创伤是其根源,生活压力和精神疾病也参与厌恶诱发自杀意念。厌恶诱发自杀意念的神经基础与HPA轴和五羟色胺系统有关。未来研究可利用神经影像和电生理等神经科学技术,检验自杀行为的神经机制,探讨厌恶情绪影响自杀行为的心理和神经机制。     

甲午战争、日俄战争中的日本净土真宗

通过明治维新,日本历史由封建社会过渡到近代资本主义社会。20世纪初,以天皇为首的地主资产阶级政权进入帝国主义阶段。日本帝国主义是带有军事封建性质的帝国主义,对内实行残酷的封建主义和资本主义双重压迫和剥削,对外进行侵略扩张,在对中国、朝鲜和其他国家发动的野蛮的侵略战争中犯下了累累罪行。在近代历史的转变过程中,日本佛教也由江户时期的“准国教”下降为神道教的附庸。面对局势的变化和自身地位的衰落,佛教界也开始谋求新的出路。从总体上看,20世纪前半叶日本佛教的绝大部分宗派都积极追随军国主义政府,提倡迎合统治者需要的“…     

认知需求对个体信息加工倾向性的影响

认知需求指"个体参与和享受思考的倾向"。作为一种认知动机,研究者认为其影响了个体信息加工的倾向性。对国外近30年来的相关研究进行回顾,结果显示认知需求主要在努力程度、自主性和结果及其应用范围这三方面影响了个体的信息加工。最后,展望了认知需求的研究趋势,并从认知需求的测量、无关变量的控制、影响的长期性和稳定性,以及情感因素负荷四方面探讨了现有相关研究的不足。     

基于阶层线性理论的多层级中介效应

本文介绍了三种常见的多层级中介效应模型, 并根据阶层线性理论和依次检验回归系数的方法, 详述了多层级中介效应的检验步骤以及中介效应量的估计方法, 在2-1-1和1-1-1中介效应模型中, 推荐采用对层1自变量按组均值中心化, 同时将组均值置于层2截距方程式的中心化方法, 以实现组间和组内中介效应的有效分离。本文还展望了多层级中介效应模型的拓展方向, 即多层级调节性中介模型和多层级结构方程模型; 以及检验方法的拓展, 即Sobel检验和置信区间检验。     

Symmetric Contingency Logic with Unlimitedly Many Modalities

Journal of Philosophical Logic - The completeness of the axiomatization of contingency logic over symmetric frames has been thought of as a nontrivial job, the unimodal case of which cannot be...