卡车驾驶员的夜间视力研究

运用ＹＪＳ—ＩＩ型夜间视觉检查仪对２３８名男性卡车驾驶员的暗适应时间和夜间视力进行了测试。结果表明：卡车驾驶员暗适应时间的９５％上限值为５９．６７秒;卡车驾驶员暗适应时间和夜间视力的年龄阈值为４０岁;事故组与安全组卡车驾驶员暗适应时间存在显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）,事故组卡车驾驶员的暗适应时间较长,表明卡车驾驶员的暗适应能力差是引起夜间交通事故的重要因素。研究结果为驾驶员的选拔,安全教育以及制订预防夜间交通事放对策提供一定的理论依据。     

试论宗教与民族的关系

宗教与民族的关系,不论在中国还是全世界,在历史文化还是现实生活中,都是一个引人注目的重大问题。本文旨在从理论上澄清二者的基本关系。文章先从理论和现实两方面提出了研究二者关系的必要性,再从宗教与民族关系的根源、宗教对民族形成的作用、宗教与民族特性的区别、宗教与民族发展的相互作用、宗教对民族之间关系的正负影响等方面,进行了兼顾问题两面的理论澄清,指出在宗教与民族二者之中,任一方的道德或理性成分的发展都会有利于另一方的道德或理性成分的发展,任一方的狂热或反理性倾向都会加剧另一方的狂热或反理性倾向;最后从世界各国宗教与民族关系的历史与现状着眼,概括了宗教与民族各自面对的问题,并从中尽力总结出七条经验教训,以期有利于我国在宗教与民族关系上的理论研究和实际工作。     

Attentional resolution

Attention can enhance selectively the visual information processing of particular locations or objects. Recent studies have shown that this enhancement has limited spatial resolution, the smallest regions that can be isolated by attention are much coarser than the smallest details that can be resolved by vision. Multiple similar objects spaced more finely than the limit of attentional resolution cannot be individuated for further processing and can only be perceived as a grouped texture. As a result, at any given time, only part of the spatial and temporal information registered by the early sensory systems is available to conscious perception. It is likely that attentional resolution is limited at a stage beyond V1 and that it has a finer grain in the lower visual field than in the upper field. The spatial aperture of attention is elongated along the radial axis relative to fixation. The briefest temporal window of attention is also much broader than visual temporal resolution. Many perceptual phenomena related to rapid serial visual presentation may reflect the limited temporal resolution of attention.     

气功入静过程中自发脑电波功率谱及相干函数的分析

用脑电技术和功率谱与相干函数的计算机分析方法,对78名受试者,分别进行了气功入静、一般休息和普通睡眠时的不同脑电变化规律的研究。结果表明入静过程能够使额区脑电能量在δ频段下降,在α频段上升,并在特定频率附近额枕脑电相干值增大。由此提出了入静深度指数概念,并证明了:(1)与一般休息相比,入静深度指数在练功时增大,在睡眠时下降,表示入静过程有自己的特殊规律。(2)内养功、强壮功、虚明功的入静深度指数无明显差异,说明不同练功方法均能达到入静的效果。     

肢体伤残者心理康复的试探性研究

三年来,根据接待配装假肢及康复治疗伤残病人的实际情况,我们选择了感觉、知觉和记忆三个项目,进行了测定,即:(1)伤残部位和对应部位的两点阈值测定;(2)装戴假手后提重差别阈限的测定;(3)再认能力测定。结果表明,这些测定对伤残病人的康复治疗和心理评定都有一定的参考价值。     

噪声烦恼类别之间的临界值测定

本文采用一种称为多级估量的新型类别量表,经验地揭示了噪声烦恼度的可能(possibility)性质,并且给出了对应于一个烦恼类别过渡到下一个烦恼类别的刺激临界值的定义。据此得到“较安静”与“闹”,“闹”与“很闹”,“很闹”与“极闹”两两间的临界值分别为53、63和82分贝。最后还探讨了烦恼度与噪声之间的心理物理函数关系。     

儿童在数及数学上对部分与整体关系认识的发展

本文概括了九个有关数和数概念的实验研究结果。作者在最早的四个实验的基础上,提出了儿童对部分与整体关系认识的十二项指标,再以之通过正整数,几何图形和分数三个方面进行探讨,探讨结果由两个数学试验验证应用。根据研究总结果,作者讨论了揭示认识对象的内在规律对于主体认识活动的作用,部分与整体关系认识的年龄特点,阶段性及激进时期以及认识这个关系的心理过程。也对数的部分与整体关系的掌握对小学数学教学的应用提出了意见。     

大学生一般结果期待对风险决策偏好的影响

以一般结果期待的双维结构观点为基础,按照一般结果期待的乐观期待和悲观期待的水平将184名大学生样本划分为明显乐观、明显悲观、双重倾向和倾向不明四个类型,进而探讨不同类型大学生在创业投资情境下一般结果期待对风险决策偏好的影响。结果表明,风险概率、描述框架与一般结果期待的交互作用显著,在低风险概率、积极框架下,双重倾向型一般结果期待大学生比其他三个类型的大学生表现出明显的风险寻求偏好。     

Can Lonely People Behave Morally? The Joint Influence of Loneliness and Empathy on Moral Identity

We examine how loneliness moderates the effect of empathy on moral identity: the extent to which being a moral person is important to an individual's identity. Results of four studies show that only lonely people have increased moral identity when they have high (vs. low) empathy; empathy does not reliably increase moral identity for nonlonely people. We demonstrate these effects with psychological measures of moral identity as well as with downstream moral behaviors in various consumer settings. Our findings are consistent with the motivation theory of loneliness and empathy: Lonely people are capable, but are not motivated to empathize.     

Positive factors associated with quality of life among Chinese patients with renal carcinoma: a cross-sectional study

Quality of life and positive psychological variables has become a focus of concern in patients with renal carcinoma. However, the integrative effects of positive psychological variables on the illness have seldom been reported. The aims of this study were to evaluate the quality of life and the integrative effects of hope, resilience and optimism on the quality of life among Chinese renal carcinoma patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the First Hospital of China Medical University. 284 participants completed questionnaires consisting of demographic and clinical characteristics, EORTC QLQ-C30, Adult Hope Scale, Resilience Scale-14 and Life Orientation Scale-Revised from July 2013 to July 2014. Pearson’s correlation and hierarchical regression analyses were performed to explore the effects of related factors. Hope, resilience and optimism were significantly associated with quality of life. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that hope, resilience and optimism as a whole accounted for 9.8, 24.4 and 21.9% of the variance in the global health status, functioning status and symptom status, respectively. The low level of quality of life for Chinese renal carcinoma patients should receive more attention from Chinese medical institutions. Psychological interventions to increase hope, resilience and optimism may be essential to enhancing the quality of life of Chinese cancer patients.