略谈道教对西王母的崇拜

道教神仙信仰中的西王母,是一位介于“神”与“仙”之间的尊神。西王母崇拜所体现的宗教内涵是一种什么样的境界?当今人民又将怎样发扬光大?本文试就此提出一些浅见,就教于方家及高道大德。一、西王母崇拜应是中国母系社会转型期的图腾崇拜和对母亲的崇拜     

康德道德哲学的上升之路与下降之路

康德的道德哲学具有形式主义的特征,但正是这一点被人们所误解,认为康德的道德哲学是一种空洞无物、没有实际效用的学说.然而,综观康德的道德哲学,可以看到,康德对道德法则形式化的追求只是其道德哲学的一个必不可少的方面,另一方面,康德力图使自己的道德哲学走向经验和情感,走向生活世界.这也就构成了康德道德哲学的上升之路与下降之路.     

试论明太祖的佛教政策

明太祖对佛教实行既整顿和限制、又保护和提倡的政策。其中,洪武前期侧重于保护和提倡,后期则着力整顿和限制。明太祖佛教政策的产生,不仅有复杂和深刻的社会原因,也与他独特的个人经历、喜好有密切关系。明太祖佛教政策的实施,维护和巩固了明王朝的统治,促进了明初经济恢复和发展以及百姓生活的改善,但也给广大百姓套上更加沉重的封建枷锁;使明初佛教迅速恢复和发展,促进了佛教诸宗的融通,奠定了后日僧寺分立制度,加剧了佛学的衰微。     

Enriched environment treatment restores impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive deficits induced by prenatal chronic stress

Prenatal stress can cause long-term effects on cognitive functions in offspring. Hippocampal synaptic plasticity, believed to be the mechanism underlying certain types of learning and memory, and known to be sensitive to behavioral stress, can be changed by prenatal stress. Whether enriched environment treatment (EE) in early postnatal periods can cause a recovery from these deficits is unknown. Experimental animals were Wistar rats. Prenatal stress was evoked by 10 foot shocks (0.8 mA for 1s, 2-3 min apart) in 30 min per day at gestational day 13-19. After weaning at postnatal day 22, experimental offspring were given the enriched environment treatment through all experiments until tested (older than 52 days age). Electrophysiological and Morris water maze testing was performed at 8 weeks of age. The results showed that prenatal stress impaired long-term potentiation (LTP) but facilitated long-term depression (LTD) in the hippocampal CA1 region in the slices. Furthermore, prenatal stress exacerbated the effects of acute stress on hippocampal LTP and LTD, and also impaired spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze. However, all these deficits induced by prenatal stress were recovered by enriched environment treatment. This work observes a phenomenon that may contribute to the understanding of clinically important interactions among cognitive deficit, prenatal stress and enriched environment treatment. Enriched environment treatment on early postnatal periods may be one potentially important target for therapeutic interventions in preventing the prenatal stress-induced cognitive disorders.     

Perceiving binocular depth with reference to a common surface

A common surface is a spatial regularity of our terrestrial environment. For instance, we walk on the common ground surface, lay a variety of objects on the table top, and display our favorite paintings on the wall. It has been proposed that the visual system utilizes this regularity as a reference frame for coding objects' distances. Presumably, by treating the common surface as such--i.e. an anticipated constant--the visual system can reduce its coding redundancy, and divert its resources to representing other information. For intermediate-distance space perception, it has been found that absolute distance judgment is most accurate when a common ground surface is available. Here we explored if the common surface also serves as the reference frame for the processing of binocular-disparity information, which is a predominant cue for near-distance space perception. We capitalized on an established observation where the perceived slant of a surface with linear binocular-disparity gradient is underestimated. Clearly, if the visual system utilizes this incorrectly represented slant surface as a reference frame for coding the objects' locations, the perceived depth separation between the objects will be adversely affected. Our results confirm this, by showing that the depth judgment of objects (two laterally separated vertical lines) on, or in the vicinity of, the surface is underestimated. Furthermore, we show that the impact of the common surface on perceived depth separation most likely occurs at the surface-representation level where the visual surface has been explicitly delineated, rather than at the earlier disparity-processing level.     

中学生感觉寻求、亲子关系与心理健康的关系

以370名中学生为被试,采用量表法,考察了中学生感觉寻求、亲子关系(家庭教养方式)与心理健康水平的关系。结果表明:(1)人口统计学变量(性别、是否单亲、年级和家庭人均月收入)对中学生心理健康水平具有显著影响。(2)去抑制感觉寻求因子和亲子关系与心理健康水平相关显著:去抑制与心理健康呈显著正相关,亲子关系与心理健康呈显著负相关,去抑制与亲子关系呈显著负相关。(3)在控制了人口统计学变量之后,去抑制感觉寻求因子和消极拒绝型、积极拒绝型、不安型、矛盾型亲子关系对心理健康水平具有良好预测能力。(4)去抑制感觉寻求因子在亲子关系对心理健康的影响上起到了中介作用。     

中学生考试心理问题结构的验证性因素分析

在访谈、开放式调查和探索性因素分析的基础上,对中学生考试心理问题的结构进行了验证性因素分析并考察了《中学生考试心理和行为问题症状自评量表》的有效性。结果发现:中学生考试心理和行为问题包括人际敏感、焦虑、怯场、自责、家庭压力感、身体症状、动力问题、强迫、抑郁、自卑和精神病性等11种类型,该11因素共同解释着中学生考试心理问题。所研制量表具有较高的信效度,可以作为中学生考试心理问题的测量工具。     

企业中层管理者时间管理倾向量表的探索性因素分析

时间管理倾向是个体在运用时间方式上所表现出来的心理和行为特征,具有多维度多层次的心理结构。参照已有的研究文献和广泛的调查研究,编制出我国企业中层管理者时间管理倾向量表,通过对150名企业中层管理者的探索性因素分析,结果表明企业中层管理者时间管理倾向问卷由时间价值感(社会取向和个人取向的时间价值感)、时间监控能力(目标与控制、计划与安排、优先级、时间分配和反馈性)和时间效能感(时间管理效能和时间管理行为效能)三个维度构成。     

初中生学业成就发展中的心理因素

针对初中这一个生成长的关键期,本研究探讨了三种不同层次的心理素质与学生学业成就之间的关系。研究发现,无论是侧重于生理机制的神经类型,还是侧重于心理活动效率的一般能力综合素质,以及具体的能力———推理能力,它们对初中学生的学业成就都有着明显的影响作用,这三种层次素质从总体上对初中生的学业成就都有很好的预测和区分效果。但是,心理素质水平在与学业成就发生联系的时候又会受到其它一些因素的影响,如性别、年级和不同学科等,并表现出不同的影响模式或联系方式。     

当前人格心理学研究中存在的问题与对策

人格心理学立足于整体性与差异性以揭示个体行为规律与内部作用机制,是心理学中极富特色的研究领域,并彰显出旺盛的发展势头。但由于人格现象本身的宽泛性与复杂性,当前该领域存在诸多纷争与问题。该文从四个方面剖析了人格心理学面临的主要问题,并提出相应的发展建议与对策。